Pakistan’s Strategic Evolution in the SCO: From Observer to Influencer

Abstract

Pakistan’s trajectory within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) reflects a calculated shift from passive engagement to proactive diplomacy. Initially joining as an observer in 2005, Pakistan’s elevation to full membership in 2017 marked a turning point in its regional strategy. This paper explores how Pakistan has leveraged its geographic centrality, economic ambitions, and security imperatives to transition into a more influential player within the SCO framework. It examines Islamabad’s role in shaping discourse on counterterrorism, connectivity, and multilateral cooperation, particularly through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The study also analyzes Pakistan’s balancing act between major powers— China and Russia—while navigating complex ties with India, another SCO member. Ultimately, Pakistan’s strategic evolution within the SCO underscores its aspiration to redefine its regional identity, enhance its diplomatic clout, and contribute meaningfully to Eurasian stability and integration.