Social Science Review Archives publishes new and original research in the fields of development studies, corporate sociology, public policy, psychology, monetary system, political science, linguistics, culture and civilizations, Management science, Islamic finance, English, education, business reforms, regulatory reforms and political economy. The Journal is interested in both theoretical and applied research. Research articles related to public administration and bureaucratic reforms are also welcomed.
Analysis of Legal Mechanisms for Regulating Mobile Banking Applications and Digital Financial Services in Pakistan
Pakistan's digital financial landscape has undergone a remarkable transformation between 2020 and 2025, with mobile banking application users growing from approximately 15 million to over 84 million and digital transaction values rising from USD 42 billion to an estimated USD 445 billion annually. This rapid expansion has outpaced the development of a coherent, comprehensive legal framework capable of addressing the multidimensional regulatory challenges that mobile banking and digital financial services present. This research article examines the legal mechanisms through which Pakistani regulatory authorities, primarily the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), and the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), seek to govern mobile banking applications and digital financial services. Drawing on primary regulatory instruments, legislative enactments, and peer-reviewed scholarship published between 2020 and 2026, the article analyses the architecture of Pakistan's fintech regulatory framework, identifies critical gaps in data protection, cybersecurity, consumer redress, and cross-border regulatory cooperation, and situates the Pakistani experience within comparative international frameworks. The article concludes that while Pakistan has made meaningful legislative and regulatory progress, significant structural reforms are required to achieve a proportionate, risk-based legal regime capable of supporting digital financial innovation while protecting consumers and maintaining systemic stability
Copyright (c) 2026 Social Science Review Archives
Beyond Bilateralism: A Constructivist Analysis of Identity Reinforcement in The South Asian Security Triangle of Pakistan, India and China
Instead of traditional bilateral studies, Background of this article discusses complex ideational currents inside Pakistan-India-China (PIC) security triangle. Based on constructivist theory developed by Alexander Wendt, especially ideas of so-called "CULTURES OF ANARCHY," this study examines intersubjective construction of identity & collective understandings among these three states. The Theoretical reasoning holds that concept of security in this triangle is not simply an equation of sum of two dyadic dynamic mixtures but rather a highly complicated interweaving of such socially created identities. Whilst China-Pakistan relationship has very high Kantian elements, India-Pakistan dyad definitely has bitter experiences & problematic securitization vis-a-vis its neighbor, so that it can only be largely Hobbesian/ Lockean. China-India dyad, in its turn, features Lockean culture of strategic competition. Based on a Qualitative Research design & Methodology, discourse analysis & process tracing are performed on official state documents, diplomatic communiques & large media discourse of all the three countries. These Major Findings are that strong Kantian friendship between China & Pakistan tends to deepen Hobbesian/Lockean India-Pakistan relationship & increase Lockean rivalry between China and India. This inter-dyadic identity reinforcement greatly reduces possibility of a more cooperative regional security order. This paper is beneficial to body of literature in providing a holistic constructivist explanation of a complex multi-actor regional security complex. It concludes & gives a critical implementation of Wendt cultural approaches of anarchy to capture how identity enhancement within dyads is key ideational force that explains protracted security issues and narrow possibility of mutual transformation of cooperative evolution within South Asia.
Maritime Governance in International Law: A Critical Analysis of UNCLOS and Contemporary Ocean Challenges
The governance of the world's oceans represents one of the most sophisticated achievements of international legal architecture. This article examines sea laws particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982) through the prism of public international law, analyzing how maritime legal norms have evolved from customary practice into a comprehensive treaty-based regime. The paper systematically surveys the historical antecedents of the modern law of the sea, dissects the jurisdictional architecture of UNCLOS including territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, continental shelf entitlements, and the high seas regime, and critically assesses the mechanisms for dispute resolution, including the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). Contemporary challenges examined include piracy, disputed maritime boundaries, deep-seabed resource governance, climate change implications for sea-level baselines, and freedom of navigation tensions in semi-enclosed seas. The analysis draws on treaty texts, ICJ and ITLOS jurisprudence, state practice, and doctrinal literature. The article concludes that, despite ongoing tensions and enforcement deficits, UNCLOS remains the indispensable cornerstone of maritime international law, necessitating adaptive interpretation and institutional strengthening to address twenty-first-century challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abida Mumtaz, Ali Raza Laghari
Renewable Energy Policies in Pakistan: A Political Economy Review
This review examines the reasons behind Pakistan's inability to harness its considerable Renewable Energy (RE) potential by analyzing the political economy of its energy sector through the analytical frameworks of path dependency, rent seeking/state capture, and energy justice. Drawing on academic and grey literature, it concludes that previous reforms and investments have established an expensive, fossil fuel-dependent system. Wealthy and influential elites in Pakistan exploit energy policies for their advantage, while institutional incapacities affect efficiency. As a result, technological progress remains sluggish while millions are deprived of electricity and energy burdens are inequitably distributed. This review synthesizes these challenges highlighting the imperative for institutional reform and the need to address governance and distributional aspects in Pakistan's clean energy transition.
Real-Time Fish Detection in Underwater Videos Using YOLOv8n and YOLOv8m Architectures
Fish detection in the underwater setting is a difficult problem considering that visibility is low, there is refraction of light, turbidity and intricate surroundings in water. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the YOLO8n and YOLO8m to underwater fish detection in real-time. A wide range of underwater data with illumination variations, occlusion, and an orientation of the fish was used to train and test the models. The experimental results prove that YOLO8n can obtain excellent overall performance with Precision of 0.96, Recall of 0.96, mAP@50 of 0.97, and mAP@50-95 of 0.76 and high inference speed of 110 FPS. Though YOLO8m has a little higher accuracy 0.95, it has good recall and much more complex computation. According to the findings, lightweight architecture can provide competitive and robust performance in detection without consuming a lot of resources. Consequently, the proposed model is selected as YOLO8n because it has the best balance between accuracy, efficiency, and the ability to process in real- time. The framework proposed has great potential in use in the marine ecosystems monitoring, aquaculture control and smart underwater surveillance system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afshan Shahzadi*, Amara muqadas, Muhammad Azeem
Salvific Rhetoric and Democratic Restraints: Techno-Messianism in American Semiconductor and AI Governance
Contemporary techno-nationalist policies increasingly deploy moral and salvific rhetoric that are beyond the traditional economic or security rationales. This research investigates how U.S. state and elite discourses construct technology as a driving force for national salvation. It employs wide-ranging analysis of publicly available policy documents, speeches, and reports from 2017-2025. Using systematic secondary data analysis, Rapid Thematic Analysis, and Fairclough's three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis model, this study analyzes 51 coded segments from 18 meticulously chosen documents of Trump and Biden's tenure. These four dominant salvific narratives appear: (1) Geopolitical Rivalry as Existential Crisis, (2) Technological Mastery as National Renewal, (3) Security and Workforce Protection as Ethical Imperative, and (4) Policy Moments as Prophetic Turning Points. Critical discourse analysis demonstrations how metaphorical language and moral assertions legitimize policies like the CHIPS and Science Act and AI executive orders as a necessity for national salvation. Comparative analysis shows Trump administration's crisis-driven unilateralism versus Biden administration's renewal-focused multilateralism. It has used both techno-messianic framings that marginalize alternative approaches to global technology governance. This research contributes to social sciences and technology by theorizing "techno-messianism" as a framework for understanding how moral imaginaries legitimizes current technology policies, along with its implications for democratic accountability and international cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huzaifa Mazhar, Abdullah Ahmad Khan, Hassan Jalil Shah, Hamza Iftikhar
Impacts of Mental Health Stigma On Help Seeking Behavior Among University Students: A Case Study of District Sargodha
Stigma on mental health is one of the key factors that inhibit individuals, especially young adults, to access professional psychological support. In this research, the study explores the connection between mental health stigma and help-seeking among university students. The main aim of the study was to investigate the effect of various aspects of the stigma on the attitudes of students towards seeking mental health support. The study used a quantitative research design to address the study objectives. The survey was conducted via a structured questionnaire that was administered to the respondents (university students) by adopting a convenient sampling method. The questionnaire was used to gauge the variables of perceived stigma, internalized stigma and attitudes to seeking help. The Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to perform statistical analysis, which included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the study variables. The research results show that the effect of mental health stigma on help-seeking behavior is negative and important among the students. The more perceived and internalized stigmatization, the less willingness to seek professional psychological help. The findings also indicated that social perceptions and fear of discrimination are significant factors that deter individuals to seek mental health services. Moreover, awareness and mental health literacy were identified to have an effect on the attitudes toward help-seeking. This study concludes that the stigma associated with mental health problems and the lack of awareness about them are the key factors that must be reduced to enhance the behavior of students concerning the help-seeking behavior in the university. The schools, the policy makers and mental health professionals must carry out awareness building, counseling services, and environments that would make students seek professional help when necessary. The study is adding to the existing literature by demonstrating the need to address the issue of stigma in order to achieve a better mental health outcome in young adults.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oaz Gull, Dr. Sadia Rafi, Dr. Mumtaz Ali
Socio-Behavioural Determinants of AI Adoption for Economic Sustainability in Pakistan’s Built Environment Sector
The rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the built environment industry has tremendous potential to improve economic sustainability, especially in developing economies like Pakistan. The adoption of AI is, however, not evenly spread as socio-behavioural factors affect the decision-making of industry professionals. This paper will analyse the socio-behavioural factors surrounding AI adoption in the economic sustainability of the built environment sector in the Pakistani context and the architect, interior designer and construction professional professions. Based on the known theories of technology adoption, the research will examine the influence of perceived usefulness, social influence, and environmental awareness on behavioural intention, and the resultant influence of behavioural intention on actual AI adoption. Quantitative research design was used where data was collected using a structured questionnaire among professionals in the major urban centres in Pakistan. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse the data through SmartPLS. Cronbach alpha, composite reliability, average variance extracted (AVE), and discriminant validity were used to measure the measurement model whereas bootstrapping evaluated structural model by estimating the path coefficients, t-values, and levels of significance. The findings show that the three variables (perceived usefulness, social influence, and environmental awareness) have significant and positive effects on behavioural intention, with perceived usefulness being the most significant predictor. Also, behavioural intention is mediating as it has a strong and significant influence on AI adoption in economic sustainability. In general, the model has a high explanatory and predictive power, which implies that socio-behavioural factors play a significant role in explaining the adoption behaviour of AI. The current research adds to the literature by combining socio-behavioural determinants with AI adoption and economic sustainability in the context of a developing economy. These results can help policymakers, industry stakeholders, and technology developers design more targeted and practical policies that encourage the adoption of AI. In turn, this can support more sustainable economic development within the built environment sector by aligning technological innovation with real-world industry needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tashakkur Fatima, Muhammad Ahmed Sohaib, Matloob Ur Rehman, Muhammad Salman Amjad, AR. M. Nasir Chaudhry
“Traditional Mediation Along with Modern Mediation Techniques Effective in Permanent Conflict Resolution"
Common methods of conflict resolution include mediation and policing. How well do they work together, and how well do they terminate violent conflicts? Mediating helps parties reach mutually agreeable agreements, whereas peacekeeping keeps the peace after it has been reached. But it's not uncommon for mediation and peacekeeping to occur together. It might be argued that missions of peacekeeping rely on ongoing political procedures, while peacekeepers themselves provide an environment that is amenable to mediation and serve as a vital independent source of information. Empirical evidence, analyzed using a wide range of model specifications (including selection models), supports the following three claims: (a) mediation, not peacekeeping, is the key to ending hostilities; (b) mediation and preserving peace are largely complementary; and (c) this complementary nature is conditional: in the years following the Cold War period, transforming peacekeeping increased the efficiency of mediation to end civil wars. Peacekeeping efforts, by themselves, have not been shown to be effective in preventing or resolving violence. Last but not least, this paper discusses the effectiveness of community elders as mediators in permanently resolving disputes as the level of confidence and trust between the parties would be higher in contrary to neutral third party because mediation may take either an evaluative or a facilitative approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarmad Ahmad Ghani, Mrs Qurrat ul Ain Sarmad
Institutional Approaches of Formal and Non-Formal Institutes to Foster Lifelong Learning Opportunities in Basic Education
Around the globe, almost 258 million children are not going to school (UNESCO Institute of Statistics, 2019). To attain the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG4) “a quality education for all be 2030”, there is a worldwide move on improvement of literacy activities. There is growing emphasis on the development of strategies and programs to improve literacy rate for target groups by using lifelong learning initiatives. Lifelong education is necessary for sustainable development of communities around the globe. In this regard, formal and non-formal education providers are supposed to play a key role in the expansion of lifelong learning opportunities, especially in disadvantaged groups. This research project plans to address the focus area of lifelong learning (LLL) opportunities in basic education, by making a comparison between roles of formal versus non-formal institutes so that a workable plan of action may be recommended for the expansion of LLL in literacy/basic education with the focus on the enhancement of the lifelong learning environment. Hence, the primary question of this research was to discover the lifelong learning opportunities in basic education within two higher education sectors a) formal education context; and b) the non-formal education context. To address the above research question, this study built on an analysis of three critical aspects, concerning the institutional strategies to promote lifelong learning; practical steps taken to implement lifelong learning, and programs/courses to enhance lifelong learning. This research employed a quantitative approach in which a questionnaire was conducted with a selective sample of the institutions from formal and nonformal streams of education.
Phenomenological Study of Life Challenges Faced by Transgender: A Case of Punjab, Pakistan
Transgender people in Pakistan especially in Punjab experience wide socio-cultural, economic and institutional discrimination to play a complete role in the society. Although transgenders have a historical presence in terms of culture, they are still marginalized and face systematic discrimination in their education, employment, health care, and in their social inclusion. Research Objectives of this study are: To examine the social, economic and psychological issues that transgender people in Punjab, Pakistan face. To explore the coping ways and processes that transgender people use in coping with stigma and marginalization. To explore the role of cultural norms, institutions and societal beliefs in the daily lives of transgender people. To deliver information that can be used to make policies, interventions, and programs that can promote better social inclusion and well-being of transgender communities in Punjab. The chapter describes the research design used to explore the issue of the life difficulties of transgender people in Punjab, particularly in such cities as Sargodha, Multan and Lahore. The research design is a quantitative research design as a structured questionnaire is used to obtain empirical data about 235 respondents. The quantitative methods are known to be effective in measuring variables that are systematic and replicable, and this is appropriate when it comes to evaluating social, economic, and psychological issues that transgender communities are exposed to. The research follows the purposive sampling method that is usually applicable in identifying certain groups of people with distinctive features. A structured questionnaire that was designed during the current study was used to gather data based on five sections, namely, demographic information, social challenges, economic challenges, psychological/emotional challenges, and coping mechanisms. Everything was placed within a 5-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree-Strongly Disagree) in order to measure the experiences and perception of the respondents. The questionnaire was modified based on the established instruments that are valid and were previously used in other studies on the transgender populations around the world. Data analysis was performed in SPSS in order to provide the descriptive and inferential statistics. Demographic characteristics and distribution of social, economic and psychological problems were summarized using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malik Muhammad Abdullah, Dr. Mumtaz Ali, Dr. Sadia Rafi
Reading Comprehension as a Predictor of Academic Performance among Pakistani Undergraduate ESL Students in Karachi
Reading comprehension is a foundational academic skill that plays a pivotal role in shaping the academic outcomes of undergraduate ESL (English as a Second Language) students, especially in the context of Pakistani higher education where English serves as the primary medium of instruction. This study investigated the relationship between reading comprehension and academic performance among undergraduate ESL students enrolled at a public university in Karachi, Pakistan, during the academic year 2022–2023. A quantitative correlational research design was employed, involving 258 undergraduate students selected through simple random sampling. A 40-item standardized reading comprehension test was administered to assess students’ reading comprehension levels, while academic performance was gauged using students’ General Weighted Average (GWA) Descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to describe the participants’ demographic profile, reading comprehension levels, and academic performance. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was applied to determine the relationship between the two variables. Results revealed that the respondents demonstrated a high level of reading comprehension and very high academic performance. Furthermore, findings indicated a weak but statistically significant positive relationship between reading comprehension and academic performance (r = .355, p = .001). The results suggest that improvements in students’ reading comprehension are associated with better academic performance. Hence, strengthening reading comprehension through effective instructional strategies and university-wide ESL literacy programs is recommended to further enhance students’ academic achievement in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irshad Hussain, Tassawar Ali Khan, Qazi Afnan Warsi, Muhammad Zaman
The Impact of Structural Inequality on Job Autonomy and Employee Self-Efficacy: The Mediating Role of Social Exclusion
This paper will discuss how structural inequality may influence job autonomy and employee self-efficacy with social exclusion as a mediating factor in Sindh, Pakistan. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was used to collect data on 384 respondents who were sampled using purposive sampling technique, which included employees in the organizations of the public and the private sector and those that had work experience. S.E.M. (Structural Equation Modeling) was used to examine the relationship between variables in the study. The results indicate that structural inequality diminishes job autonomy and employee self-efficacy greatly and enhances social exclusion. In addition, social exclusion plays a significant mediating role between structural inequality and the two outcome variables, which shows its key role in psychology in explaining inequality in the workplace. The paper emphasizes the impact of systemic inequalities on less workplace control and belief using exclusionary experiences. It adds to the Social Cognitive Theory and the Job Demands Resources model through the combination of the structural and psychological point of view.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Maria Shaikh, Naila , Tanzeela Abid
Tangible Apects of the Shrine of Sultan Bahu
This research paper examines the shrine of Hazrat Sultan Bahu as a significant site of Sufi spirituality, cultural heritage, and architectural expression in Punjab. The study highlights the spiritual philosophy of Sultan Bahu, centered on divine love, self-purification, and remembrance of God, and explores how these teachings are reflected in the shrine’s environment and continued devotional practices. It further provides a detailed analysis of the shrine’s geographical setting, spatial organization, and structural features, including the burial chamber, minarets, courtyard, and associated elements. The paper also investigates the artistic and architectural components of the shrine, such as kashigari (tile work), calligraphy, marble carvings, lattice (jali) work, and mirror mosaics, demonstrating strong influences of Mughal and Persian traditions blended with regional craftsmanship. Special attention is given to symbolic features like the chadar, wishing well, and ritual spaces, which contribute to the spiritual experience of visitors. By combining architectural analysis with cultural and religious interpretation, this study presents the shrine not only as a physical structure but as a living center of faith, tradition, and artistic heritage. It emphasizes the shrine’s role in preserving Sufi values and fostering a connection between the material and spiritual worlds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Shamsher Azam, Samar Majid
Examining the Strategic Role of Green HRM in Driving Sustainability and Advancing CSR Initiatives in Multinational Corporations: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and UAE
This study examines the strategic role of Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) in driving sustainability and advancing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives within multinational corporations (MNCs) in Pakistan and the UAE. By adopting a qualitative research design and using thematic analysis, the study explores how Green HRM practices such as eco-friendly recruitment, green training programs, and performance management align with CSR objectives to promote environmental sustainability. The findings reveal significant differences in Green HRM and CSR practices between the two countries, with the UAE offering a more structured regulatory framework and government incentives, while Pakistan faces challenges due to limited regulatory enforcement. The study contributes to understanding how national contexts influence the implementation of Green HRM and CSR and offers practical recommendations for MNCs to enhance the integration of sustainability practices into HR strategies. The research also highlights the role of employee engagement and green innovation in advancing CSR efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atta Hussain Soomro, Riffat Abbas Rizvi, Syed Kausar Ali Shah, Fawad Ahmad Abbasi, Muhammad Irfan Syed
From Isolation to Connectivity: Digital Diaspora and Immigrant Women's Identity in Monica Ali's Brick Lane
This Research paper examines the main character Nazneen in Monica Ali's book Brick Lane creates her own identity as an immigrant woman, using the idea of digital Diaspora. Usually, people analyze this book using post colonialism and domesticity, but this research looks at it in a new way by examining how the internet and digital connections change the way we think about “home” and “host” countries. The idea of digital Diaspora says that the internet gives people a new space where they can create their own identities, outside of the limits of their physical location and societal expectations. This “third space” allow people who are often marginalized to show themselves and create hybrid identities that combine different parts of their lives. By looking at Nazneen's life through this study, we can see how digital connections modify the traditional ideas of home and identity. These online networks are like a safe space where they can keep their culture alive and also find themselves. The study looks at how the internet helps immigrant women break free from feeling alone at home, and turn a new city like London into a place where they have power. Basically, this research says that with the internet, where you're from isn't as important as it used to be - now, people can connect with others all around the world and define who they are in a whole new way, especially for women in immigrant communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naila Tufail, Muhammad Umair
Mediation, Conflict, and Identity: The Role of Non State Actors in Peacebuilding in Balochistan, Pakistan, a Social Identity Perspective
Pakistan's largest but poorest province, Balochistan, has been plagued by ethno-political conflict based on tribal antagonisms, political neglect and competing group identities. This paper presents a political science/political psychology argument that the role of non-state actors in peace processes in Balochistan cannot be fully understood without reference to social identity theory (SIT) as articulated by Henri Tajfel. In a wide-ranging review of the scholarly literature, the paper explores the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) and community leaders (Sardars and Maliks) as identity brokers - actors who manage, reshape and rebuild the group identities that simultaneously serve as a source of conflict and the building blocks for peace. The paper finds that the psychological processes identified by SIT (in-group favoritism, out-group threat, social categorization, and salience of the superordinate category) are evident in the dynamics of inter-tribal and ethno-political conflict in Balochistan, and that non-state actors' successful peacebuilding interventions are, in fact, exercises in identity psychology. These insights are placed within an integrated analytical framework that draws on SIT, conflict transformation, feminist, social constructionist, transitional justice and actor-oriented approaches to understanding peace processes. The findings suggest that peace in Balochistan can only be achieved through targeted identity-level interventions that are psychologically savvy, culturally sensitive, and institutionally underpinned.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalida Hira, Moomal Manzoor, Kiran Sami, Fozia Aamir Siddiqui, Kamal Mustafa
Hashtag Politics and Voter Mobilization: Comparative Study of Official X Activity by Pakistan’s Leading Parties During the 2024 General Election Campaign Period
The study examines the role of hashtags in voter mobilization in Pakistan’s 2024 general elections campaigns. Focusing on the Social media platform X(Twitter), the research analyzes the official accounts of Pakistani political actors on Twitter, such as Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf(PTI), Pakistan Muslim League-N(PML-N), and Pakistan People’s Party (PPP). The research uses the quantitative content analyses of the political posts shared on the official political parties' Twitter page and their frequency of posting content during the election period of 2024 from 2nd Feb to 8th Feb, including the polling day. A total of 320 posts were analyzed to identify the pattern of hashtag usage to prompt their campaign on social media, the engagement level they received, and the political messaging. The findings reveal that hashtags play a significant role in content visibility, and political actor use this advantage in their campaigns. Because now people are the active users of social media as compared to before, they react to the posts and show their interests, and these engagement metrics help political actors to connect with the voters, show their activities, and tell them about their new political policies, and get support, and can strengthen their influence on them and change their perception about them through their online campaigns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nayab, Hussnain, Fahad Ajmal, Ali Bhadur
The Expanding Role of Artificial Intelligence in Health, Life, and Applied Sciences: A Multidisciplinary Review
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has recently become a disruptive and integrated technology in health, life, and applied sciences, leading to transformative effects in research, diagnosis, decision-making, and automation. This cross-disciplinary review offers an overview of the evolution of AI systems from rule-based to recent machine learning, deep learning, and generative AI, and its role as an enabling technology. It discusses basic AI techniques such as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, and the application of AI with different types of data, namely structured, unstructured, and multimodal data. The review provides a comprehensive, field-specific review of AI for health, biological, environmental, and life sciences. In the health sciences, AI helps diagnosis, drug discovery, medical image prediction, and treatment strategy; and in nutrition and biotechnology, predictive modelling and decision making. In the more general sense, AI has also aided in the areas of agriculture, environment, psychology, public health, and social policies through predictive analytics, pattern processing, and smart automation. Although the outlook is promising, incorporating AI in research and practice has ethical, legal, and social implications, such as privacy, bias, explainability, and regulatory challenges. Issues of data quality and generalisability, as well as a lack of infrastructure and skills, are other barriers. Future developments in explainable AI, federated learning, and multimodal AI systems are expected to lead to better transparency, co-operation, and multidisciplinary integration. The review calls for the need for ethical innovation and also highlights intercollaborative methods to harness AI for benefits. Overall, AI will not only serve as a technological enabler but also the backbone of science and society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tabeer Fatima, Iqra sajjad, Maria Qamar, Muhammad Ahmad Afzal, Nabia Noor, Nouman Tariq, Dr. Asma Yawar, Ayesha Jahangir Abbasi, Fatima Rahim, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Moiza Noor, Ibrahim Zahid
Distributed Leadership and Teacher Performance in Higher Secondary Schools and Intermediate Colleges in Sindh: Evidence from South District Karachi
This paper examines the impact of distributed leadership on teacher performance in higher secondary schools and intermediate colleges in Sindh, with empirical grounding in South District Karachi. The topic is reframed as “Distributed Leadership and Teacher Performance in Higher Secondary Schools and Intermediate Colleges in Sindh: Evidence from South District Karachi” to emphasize both leadership process and performance outcome. The study responds to a gap in Pakistani school-leadership research: although distributed leadership is internationally associated with teacher collaboration, job satisfaction, professional commitment, and instructional improvement, comparatively little work has tested the construct across Sindh’s public higher-secondary and intermediate-college context. Using the uploaded seminar dataset as primary local evidence, the paper reports a quantitative design, a purposive sample frame of government institutions, a Yamane-based sample estimate of 192 from a population of 368 teaching staff, and pilot data from 72 teachers. The pilot sample consisted mainly of lecturers, assistant professors, and associate professors, with 83.3% urban respondents and many senior teachers above fifty years of age. Reliability analysis produced a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.665 for a 45-item distributed-leadership questionnaire, indicating acceptable internal consistency for exploratory research. The paper develops a new Distributed Instructional Leadership-Teacher Performance Framework, linking leadership role distribution, professional trust, collaborative time, evidence-informed instructional improvement, and high expectations to teacher performance outcomes. Because the uploaded dataset contains pilot and design data rather than final item-level responses, the analysis avoids unsupported causal claims and treats the study as an empirically prepared quantitative model for full-scale hypothesis testing. The paper concludes that distributed leadership is likely to improve teacher performance when it moves beyond delegation and becomes a structured system of shared instructional responsibility, professional learning, accountability, and teacher empowerment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tarannum Naz Bhatti, Dr. Zohra Khatoon
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Alopecia Areata Among the General Adult Population in Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background Alopecia Areata (AA) is a psychosocially important, non-scaring, chronic, immune-mediated, hair-loss disease. Stigma may be influenced by the general population and their attitudes towards AA. The objective of the research was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of AA among the general adult population living in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods It is a cross-sectional study with a community-based design that was conducted on a sample of adults residing in Lahore, Pakistan, on 22 December 2025, through 26 March 2026. A population of 603 questionnaires was used to help gather the necessary data; the questionnaire was borrowed without any modifications but was used to gather the data manually. After the eligibility and completeness check and data-quality screening 545 valid questionnaires were included in the final analysis. Results: The final analysis was done using results 545 of the 603 questionnaires that gathered data and the proportion of valid response was determined to be 90.4. The mean PSS, knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 41.21 +/- 5.67 (possible scores 14-70; 58.87%), 10.91 +/- 5.78 (possible scores 0-28; 38.95%), 31.68 +/- 4.14 (possible scores 10-50; 63.37%), and 25.42 +/- 6.32 (possible scores 10-50; 50.84%), respectively. Using the <70% threshold, most participants had suboptimal knowledge (507/545, 93.0%), attitude (404/545, 74.1%), and practice (500/545, 91.7%) scores. Knowledge was positively correlated to attitude and practice scores and item-level latent SEM/path analysis boosted knowledge as a significant predictor of practice-related behavior. Conclusion A general lack of knowledge, bad practice habits and negative attitudes towards alopecia areata had been exhibited in the overall adult population in Lahore. Since knowledge was positively associated with attitude and practice, community-level interventions can result in better knowledge, fewer misconceptions, and the correct behavior of seeking care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asad Bilal, Waqas Akram, Hassan Tariq, Umar Farooq, Muhammad Usama, Arslan Haider, Dr. Ali Akhtar
Risk Governance Frameworks and Strategic Control Mechanisms for Managing Complexity in Global Business Operations
Global business operations are increasingly characterized by heightened complexity driven by regulatory diversity, geopolitical uncertainty, rapid digital transformation, and highly interconnected supply chains. In this evolving environment, risk governance has transitioned from a compliance-oriented function to a strategic imperative essential for organizational resilience and sustained performance. This study employs a simulation-based analytical modeling framework to evaluate the influence of different risk governance structures and strategic control mechanisms on organizational outcomes within complex global contexts. A modeled dataset of multinational organizations (n = 80) was analyzed across four governance configurations: compliance-based governance (control), decentralized risk management, integrated enterprise risk management (ERM), and adaptive governance systems. The analysis incorporated multiple performance indicators, including risk exposure, operational disruption frequency, financial volatility, decision-making latency, organizational resilience, and governance effectiveness. The model-derived findings indicate that organizations implementing integrated ERM and adaptive governance frameworks demonstrate significantly lower risk exposure, reduced operational disruptions, and enhanced decision-making efficiency. These systems also exhibit higher levels of organizational resilience and governance maturity. In contrast, compliance-driven and fragmented governance structures show greater susceptibility to systemic risks, delayed decision processes, and reduced operational stability. The results highlight the critical role of aligning governance frameworks with strategic control mechanisms to effectively manage complexity in global business environments. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of adopting integrated and adaptive approaches to risk governance, rather than relying solely on traditional compliance-based models. Overall, this research provides an evidence-informed analytical framework for understanding the relationship between governance structures and organizational performance. It also offers a structured foundation for future empirical validation and the development of more robust, data-driven risk governance strategies in global business operations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Abdullah Butt, Feng Yiwen, Umer Javeid
The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Advancing Women’s Digital Entrepreneurship in Pakistan
This report examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data in advancing women’s digital entrepreneurship in Pakistan. Drawing on empirical literature and current policy and industry developments, the study situates the discussion in the historical context of women’s entrepreneurship and technology in Pakistan, reviews present-day innovations and programmes, and anticipates future trajectories and implications. It analyses how AI and big data offer transformative potential through enabling market insights, automation, digital platforms, and decision-support tools but also considers structural impediments such as the digital gender divide, limited digital literacy, socio-cultural barriers, and infrastructural constraints. Using a critical lens, this report highlights how despite policy commitments and burgeoning initiatives, Pakistani women entrepreneurs face distinct challenges in leveraging AI and data-driven tools. It concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers, industry players, and civil society to enhance digital inclusion, build capacity, create enabling ecosystems, and align AI/big-data adoption with gender-responsive frameworks. The conclusions underscore that while the potential is substantial, realising it requires concerted, context-sensitive action to ensure that AI and big data contribute to inclusive entrepreneurship rather than exacerbating existing inequalities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saba Kiran, Muhammad Hammad
Philosophy of Timelessness in the Novels Wuthering Heights by Bronte and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy
The current study aims to explore the concept of timelessness through a comparative analysis of Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy. Timelessness in literature refers to a text’s ability to remain meaningful across different historical periods by addressing universal human experiences. This research adopts a qualitative approach based on close textual and comparative analysis of the two selected Victorian novels. The study focuses on recurring themes such as love, injustice, suffering, revenge, social criticism, gender inequality, pride, and class distinction. The analysis reveals that both novels transcend their Victorian context by portraying emotional and moral struggles that continue to resonate with modern readers. In Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Hardy highlights social injustice, patriarchal oppression, and moral hypocrisy, presenting Tess as a symbol of resilience and quiet strength. Similarly, Wuthering Heights explores intense passion, revenge, psychological conflict, and class divisions, emphasizing the enduring complexity of human emotions. Through comparative examination, the study demonstrates that despite differences in narrative technique and thematic focus, both novels critique restrictive social structures and reflect universal human concerns. The study concludes that the treatment of timeless themes is the primary factor that ensures the lasting relevance and continued critical importance of these works in literary studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Anwar, Nasim Ullah, Rashid Ali
Artificial Intelligence and Gender Inequality: A Sociological Perspective on Women’s Marginalization in Digital Spaces
This research article explores the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and gender inequality through a sociological lens, focusing on women’s marginalization in digital spaces. As AI technologies become integral to daily life, their development and deployment often reflect and reinforce existing societal biases, perpetuating gender disparities. This study critically examines how gender stereotypes are embedded within AI algorithms, leading to the reinforcement of marginalized roles for women in online environments. It discusses the socio-cultural factors that influence AI design, such as gendered data biases and the underrepresentation of women in tech industries, which contribute to discriminatory outcomes. The research highlights specific instances where AI-driven platforms, such as social media, recruitment tools, and digital assistants, perpetuate gender stereotypes and marginalize women’s voices. Employing a sociological framework, the article investigates the power dynamics, societal norms, and structural inequalities that underpin these technological biases. It also considers the implications of AI-mediated marginalization on women’s agency, social identity, and participation in digital spaces. The study advocates for a gender-sensitive approach to AI development, emphasizing the need for inclusive datasets, diverse representation in technology sectors, and ethical guidelines to mitigate gender biases. Ultimately, the paper underscores the importance of addressing gender inequality in digital spaces to foster a more equitable digital society. It calls for interdisciplinary efforts to challenge gender stereotypes embedded in AI and promotes sociological awareness to ensure AI technologies serve to empower rather than marginalize women.
Meritorious Prof. (Retd) Dr. Nasreen Aslam Shah1
Copyright (c) 2026 Meritorious Prof. (Retd) Dr. Nasreen Aslam Shah1, Dr. Syed Usman Shahid, Syeda Romessa Ali Usman
Corporate Governance, Risk-Taking, Institutional Quality and Financial Performance: Evidence from Developed and Emerging Markets Using PLS-SEM
This paper will discuss how financial performance is affected by corporate governance and risk-taking, and how the institutional quality will moderate. The study uses the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling by using SmartPLS 3.0 and regression analysis by using SPSS, using secondary data of 100 publicly listed firms operating in the developed and emerging markets over the six years period between 2015 and 2020. Board size, CEO duality, and shareholder rights measure corporate governance, and risk-taking is represented by leverage, research and development spending, and investment in volatile assets. Financial performance is assessed in terms of the returns on assets, returns on equity, and the earnings before interest and taxes, whereas institutional quality is measured through regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. The results indicate that corporate governance positively impacts financial performance, and excessive risk-taking has a negative impact on firm performance. The findings also suggest that institutional quality enhances the association between corporate governance and financial performance. The research adds to the existing body of literature on corporate governance by demonstrating that the effectiveness of a given governance mechanism at a particular time depends on whether such a mechanism is supported by a robust institutional environment. The results provide valuable insights to policymakers, managers, and investors who aim to enhance the governance practices and risk-management approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sajid Mehmood, Muhammad Jamil, Aisha Riaz, Sham Kumar, Sumera Javaid
Comparison of Tear Film Instability in Dry Eye Patients in Summer and Winter
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder characterized by tear film loss, often overlapped by ocular allergy (OA). Both conditions can have a major effect on people’s standard of living. Topical treatments are advised for OA, but eye drop formulations may contain additional substances contributing to DED. Dry eyes as a result of decreased tear production, patients frequently suffer dryness, irritation, and a grainy feeling. To compare tear film instability in patients with dry eye disease during the summer and winter seasons. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 128 dry eye patients (64 in winter, 64 in summer) at the Ophthalmology Department, District Headquarter Hospital, Okara. Tear film stability and tear production were assessed using TBUT and Schirmer I tests and symptoms were evaluated with the OSDI questionnaire. Ambient temperature and humidity were recorded, and data were analysed using non-parametric tests (Mann Whitney U, Chi square) with p ≤0.005 considered significant. Tear film instability and dry eye symptoms were worse in winter than in summer, with lower TBUT (mean rank: 34.43 vs 94.57), lower Schirmer values (right eye: 94.84 vs 34.16), and higher OSDI scores (p<0.000). Winter conditions exacerbate dry eye, highlighting the impact of seasonal environmental factors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malik Riaz Ahmad, Saleh Shah, Maira Sharafat, Muhammad Shahid, Hira Junaid, Muhammad Aleem Sabir Khan, Sibgha Naseem
Comparative Effectiveness of Pencil Push-Up Exercises and Jump Vergence Exercises in Treating Convergence Insufficiency among Digital Screen Users
CI which is also called convergence insufficiency, is a disease occurring in both eyes in which there is no proper eye alignment while doing near tasks, often exacerbated by prolonged near work. That’s the reason, most digital screen users have convergence insufficiency. Traditional treatment methods for CI include some orthoptic exercises like pencil push-up exercises and jump vergence exercises to improve coordination and strength of eye muscles. Pencil push-up is that exercise which involves focusing on a small target as it is slowly brought towards the nose, thereby stimulating convergence. While other exercises like JVE train the eyes to quickly alternate attention between close and far targets, helping to improve flexibility. To assess the efficacy of two commonly used orthoptic techniques PPU exercises and jump vergence exercises –in improving CI among those individuals who use prolong digital screens in daily routine. To investigate the effectiveness of jump vergence exercises versus pencil push-ups in the treatment of convergence insufficiency among digital screen users, this study was conducted at Haji Murad Trust Eye Hospital for 4 months through a randomized control trial design. Random sampling was utilized in the recruitment of willing participants. Total 52 patients diagnosed with convergence Insufficiency were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups, each with 26 patients. Group A received pencil push-up exercise while Group B was treated with jump vergence exercise. The study followed single blind design where outcome assessor was unaware of their treatment allocation group. Baseline NPC and CISS scores were recorded before any intervention, and follow-up measurements were taken at 6 weeks. Post-test data were gathered following the intervention period of 6 weeks through the use of RAF ruler in measuring near point of convergence and the CISS questionnaire in determining symptom severity. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to assess the normality of data. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 27. After applying Shapiro-Wilk test all variables showed p values greater than 0.005 the data were considered normally disturbed. Within group analysis showed statistically significant reduction in NPC and improvement in CISS scores in Group B from baseline to follow-up visit (p<0.001), demonstrating enhancement over time. In Group A, both NPC and CISS scores showed improvement, however, no significant changes were observed after 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, mean scores decreased by 3.8 (SD 1.9) in Group B versus 9.0 (SD 2.2) in Group A. The mean group difference was 5.2 (95% CI: 4.0 to 6.4), p < .001. Group B also showed greater improvement in reduction of near point of convergence and symptoms in comparison of Group A. The study concluded that although improvement had been achieved with the two techniques, the jump vergence exercises showed higher improvements compared to pencil push-up exercises on the NPC and alleviation of symptoms. Despite the temporary nature of the investigation, the results clearly show the high efficiency of jump vergence exercises and make a preferred treatment method a strongly feasible option.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rimsha Ali, Muhammad Naveed Babur, Dawood Mustafa Majeed, Nimra Shahzad
Development of New Spectrophotometric Method to Determination of Gabapentin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Using Trifluoroacetylacetone as a Reagent
Spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of gabapentin after derivatization with trifluoroacetylacetone (TFAA). The linear calibration curve was obtained within 10-60 µg/ml and detection was at 290nm. The relative deviation (RSD) of gabapentin was determined 0.5% with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The LOD and LOQ were determined 5 µg/ml and 6 µg/ml respectively. The innovative developed method has been applied effectively for the analysis of gabapentin from tablets obtained from local markets and the exact amounts found from tablet were examined 98 and 19 mg/tablet. The recovery percentage 99% of gabapentin was found from pharmaceutical preparation.
Exploring Linguistic Adaptations in AI-Mediated Communication: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Human-AI Interaction
Artificial intelligence is increasingly being integrated into our everyday communication practices and its adoption has led to changes in language production, organization and meaning-making in digital communication. While research on communication with artificial intelligence (AI) is increasing, there is a limited sociolinguistic understanding of how people adapt their language to interact with AI. Current studies indicate that AI affects language normalization, discourse structure, and identity construction; yet, research has yet to converge and has primarily focused on technological, rather than fine-grained, linguistic and social meaning making. This paper fills this research gap by providing a sociolinguistic perspective of linguistic adaptations in AI-mediated communication. The study draws on Communication Accommodation Theory, theories of Human-Machine Communication, as well as sociolinguistic theories of variation and identity, which account for language-change processes resulting from communicative adaptations to perceived communicative affordances, including artificial communication systems. In relations of research systems, the study proposes a multimethod approach. Quantitatively, it uses corpus linguistics-based linguistic analyses with natural language processing techniques to investigate lexical richness, grammatical intricacy, tone, discourse markers and statistical tools (including t-tests, ANOVA, regression, and structural equation modeling) to test hypotheses and interpret analyses. The qualitative component includes interviews and discourse analysis techniques such as thematic analysis and critical discourse analysis to understand users' perceptions, negotiations of identity, power, and agency in their interactions with AI. The research is anticipated to theoretically extend sociolinguistic and communication theories to human interactions with AI and methodologically to incorporate quantitative and qualitative analyses. It offers practical implications on inclusive AI system design and AI's role in language usage. The authors suggest future research to empirically verify the proposed model through sequential quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods design, and to address cross-cultural and longitudinal aspects of AI communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sajjad Ahmad, Ayesha Bibi, Muhammad Saad Khan
Enhancing Academic Comprehension through Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD) Evidence from Undergraduate ESL Learner in Karachi
This study examines the limited levels of academic comprehension and restricted active involvement recorded among first-year undergraduate students, alongside the difficulties encountered in maintaining student and instructor motivation during the deployment of the Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD) cooperative learning strategy. A qualitative methodology integrating action research with a structured instructional model development design was employed, with the investigation centered on two sections of first-year undergraduates enrolled in the Functional English course at a public sector university in Karachi. Data were generated through systematic classroom observations and detailed field recordings across three iterative learning cycles. The analysis addressed multiple dimensions of learning including peer collaboration, student engagement, content mastery, and instructor facilitation quality. The outcomes confirm that the STAD cooperative learning strategy produced substantial and measurable gains in student involvement, academic comprehension, and inter-peer engagement, as evidenced by progressive improvements in formative assessment performance and the quality of collaborative group discussions. Nonetheless, certain enduring challenges—particularly the maintenance of consistent motivation among students and instructors alike—necessitate deliberate and sustained motivational, pedagogical, and group management strategies. Continuous and systematic monitoring was found to be indispensable for sustaining optimal learning conditions and realising meaningful improvements in academic outcomes. The study contributes to the scholarship on cooperative learning within the Pakistani higher education context by affirming the STAD model's capacity to deepen student engagement and comprehension. The findings underscore the pivotal role of motivation, group management, and ongoing evaluation in ensuring that cooperative learning remains an effective and sustainable instructional approach across diverse educational environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 (Mufti) Imran Khan, Amjad Ali Jokhio, Muhammad Zaman, Saqib Abbas
A Phenomenological Study of Teachers' Challenges in Moving from Behaviourist to Humanistic Pedagogy in a Pakistani Private School
This phenomenological study explores the lived experiences and struggles of secondary school teachers in Pakistani private schools as they shift from behaviourist to humanistic pedagogy. A qualitative research design is used to collect data through semi-structured interviews with eight purposively selected teachers experiencing the transition to learner-centred pedagogy. Findings from thematic analysis revealed that this global shift in pedagogy is a quite complex process, initially perceived as a challenge by teachers but eventually leading to a significant transformation. Both external and internal factors, like rigid assessment policies, large class size, time limitations, parental involvement, lack of professional training, and shift from authoritative to facilitative, played a major role. Despite these barriers, this research highlights positive outcomes for students and teachers, improving students' engagement and confidence in class while boosting teachers' reflective practice and growth. The study concludes that achieving the required outcomes from a humanistic approach in Pakistani private schools requires systematic support and transformation, including professional training for teachers, improving rigid school policies, and gradually adopting a blended environment where traditional and modern teaching styles work together.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rashida Ali Asghar, Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed Shaheen
Examining FinTech Lending Adoption by Small and Medium Enterprises Using a Technology–Environment Framework with PLS-SEM Analysis
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are still experiencing chronic credit shortages amid the fast-growing number of financial technology (FinTech) lending solutions. Despite potential of immense promise of FinTech lending in reducing the financing constraints of SMEs, the adoption levels are even lower in emerging and developing economies. This paper discusses the factors of FinTech lending uptake in SMEs using a Technology Environment (T-E) model based on the Technology Environment Organization (TOE) model, which has been modified to eliminate organisational variables and specifically concentrate on the technological and environmental aspects. The hypotheses were tested and developed out of seven hypotheses via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) on the data gathered on 287 SME owners and managers in a cross-sectional survey. Technology factors (Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Platform Security, and Compatibility) and environmental factors (Competitive Pressure, Trading Partner Readiness and Regulatory Support) were studied as predictors of FinTech Lending Adoption Intent. Findings show that the structural model accounts 52 percent of variance in adoption intent (R 2 = 0.52) with Perceived Usefulness (β = 0.41, p < 0.001) and Regulatory Support (0.38, p < 0.001) proving to be the most significant predictors. Each hypothesis was upheld with p < 0.05 with the exception of Trading Partner Readiness (β = 0.11, p = 0.087) that was not significantly different. Convergent and discriminant validity was confirmed by measurement model diagnostics. The research is valuable in that it presents a validated T-E framework specific to SME FinTech lending settings and presents practical implications to designers of platforms, SMEs, and financial regulators.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Ijaz Ahmed *, Rashid Muhammad, Hamna Anis, Noreen Memon
AI-Based Learning Environments and Their Impact on Academic Success: The Mediating Role of Engagement and Instructional Design
This study investigates AI-based learning environments and their influence on the academic success of Grade 12 Biology students at Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-10/3 (IMCB F-10/3), Islamabad, Pakistan, with specific attention to the mediating roles of student engagement and instructional design quality. Utilizing a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design, a stratified random sample of N = 80 Grade 12 Biology students was drawn from the institution's four sections and assigned to experimental (n = 40) and control (n = 40) conditions. The experimental group received Biology instruction delivered within AI-enhanced learning environments—incorporating adaptive learning platforms, intelligent feedback systems, and AI-powered content visualization—structured through principled instructional design frameworks (ADDIE and UDL). Standardized data collection instruments included the Academic Success Assessment (ASA), the Multidimensional Student Engagement Scale (MSES), and the Instructional Design Quality Rating (IDQR). Statistical analyses comprised independent samples t-tests, paired samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation with mediation analysis. Findings demonstrated statistically significant academic success gains in the experimental group (t(78) = 5.12, p < .001, d = 1.14) and confirmed that student engagement (β = .43, p < .001) and instructional design quality (β = .37, p < .001) jointly and significantly mediated the relationship between AI-based learning environments and academic success. The study concludes that AI-based environments, when structured through deliberate instructional design and leveraged to sustain multidimensional engagement, produce substantially superior academic outcomes in secondary Biology education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samina Rafique, Ans Elahi, Ruqia Bibi, Muhammad Arfaq, Naeem Akhtar
Orbital Power Politics: Satellite Bans, Space Militarization, and the Rise of the Surveillance Economy in 21st Century Geopolitics
This paper conceptualizes orbital power politics as one of the central dynamics of geopolitics in the twenty-first century, and how concerns about satellite restrictions and space militarization, as well as the surveillance economy, are redefining strategic competition. Outer space has transformed into an area of collaboration in scientific fields, as well as a war on space, an engagement of the projection of power. The study employs a qualitative comparative methodology where policy structures, military policies, and technological trajectories of the major and emerging spacefaring actors are analyzed focusing on the satellite bans, denial strategy, anti satellite capability and dual use space systems. It also assesses the third wave in the development of surveillance markets and blurring of the distinction between public security and secretive data mining through commercial satellite networks. Using the findings, it is possible to propose that weaponized and politicized space infrastructures have weakened the political regimes of the present, have intensified deterrence dilemmas, and have added to the inequalities in digital sovereignty. The paper advocates the use of inclusive, multilateral governance systems, confidence-building actions and regulatory standards to maintain a sustainable and peaceful use of the outer-space.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari, Maaz Bin Waheed, Ehsanullah Khan
Hope versus Despair in AI-generated Climate Change Visuals
This paper investigates the paradox of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in climate communication, examining its capacity to encode and propagate visual narratives of hope versus despair regarding climate futures. The climate crisis is framed as a hyperobject, whose scale and inaccessibility have historically resisted effective visual representation, often resulting in public disengagement, increased Psychological Distance, and reduced Self-Efficacy. While GenAI promises personalized, localized risk visualization, this study reveals that it risks amplifying existing cultural biases, leading to a pervasive dystopian default that constrains the collective imagination. Employing a qualitative, arts-based research design, we conducted a visual analysis of a corpus of 285 AI-generated images to deconstruct the aesthetic conventions and compositional strategy of GenAI output. Our findings show that GenAI's dystopian cinematic tropes rely on an iconography of ruin and cool, subdued tones that foster apocalypse fatigue and affective paralysis. Conversely, utopian outputs default to a techno-solutionist aesthetic, characterized by vibrant greens and an exaggerated focus on renewable infrastructure, which risks creating false hope by simplifying the necessary systemic reforms. Ultimately, the paper argues that GenAI’s greatest utility resides in its capacity to generate hybrid climate imagery. This can be achieved by blending signs of ruin with localized human action, grounded psychologically in the sublime, thereby compelling a more nuanced, self-reflective engagement with the crisis. The study concludes by advocating for the cultivation of Critical Hope through action-oriented visualizations that leverages episodic despair as a corrective to naive optimism, facilitating collective agency and persistence amid the uncertainty of the Anthropocene.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asia Shah, Muhammad Sher Ali Khan
Effect of AI Integration, Teacher Consultation, and Instructional Strategies on Students’ Academic Performance and Engagement
This study investigates the combined effect of Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration, teacher consultation practices, and diverse instructional strategies on the academic performance and engagement of Grade 12 Biology students at Islamabad Model College for Boys, G-10/4 (IMCB G-10/4), Islamabad, Pakistan. Employing a quasi-experimental mixed-methods research design with a sample of 80 students drawn through purposive and stratified random sampling, the study examined pre- and post-intervention differences using independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA. Data were collected through standardized academic achievement tests, structured engagement observation scales, and validated teacher consultation frequency logs. Results revealed statistically significant improvements in academic performance (t = 4.83, p < .001) and engagement (F = 12.74, p < .001) in the AI-assisted instructional group compared to the control group. Findings affirm that synergizing AI tools with systematic teacher consultation and differentiated instructional methods produces measurable educational gains in secondary science education. The study recommends institutionalizing AI-assisted pedagogy and structured teacher professional development within Pakistan's secondary education system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Misbah Yasmeen, Dr. Fauzia Malik, Azra Jamil, Naeem Akhtar
Voiceless in the Ballot Box: The Struggle of Religious Minorities for Political Representation in Pakistan
Pakistan's religious minorities, comprising Christians, Hindus, Ahmadis, Sikhs, and other communities, have historically occupied a marginal position within the country's democratic framework despite formal constitutional guarantees of equal citizenship. This article examines the political participation of religious minorities in Pakistan through a comprehensive analytical lens that encompasses the constitutional and legal framework governing minority rights, the historical evolution of minority political status from independence to the present, the structural and systemic barriers that constrain meaningful participation, and the specific experience of the Hindu community as an illustrative case study. The analysis demonstrates that the problem of minority political exclusion in Pakistan is not reducible to electoral mechanics but is rooted in a deeper architecture of discriminatory legislation, religious nationalism, economic marginalization, and institutional indifference that formal electoral reforms have thus far proven insufficient to dismantle. The article concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations spanning constitutional reform, blasphemy law revision, redesign of the reserved seat system, and broader social and educational interventions necessary for achieving genuine democratic inclusion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Abid, Dr. Asia Saif Alvi
Comparison of HRCT Findings in Interstitial Lung Disease among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease and its prevalence has been steadily increasing all over the world. DM and its associated micro and macrovascular complications result in significant morbidity and mortality. The microvascular complications are usually manifested as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and macrovascular complications generally affect the cardiovascular system. In addition to these complications, DM also affects the lungs because of its rich vascularity and abundance in connective tissue (collagen and elastin). DM has been found to cause microvascular complications and proliferation of extracellular connective tissue in the lungs, leading to decline in lung function in a restrictive pattern of Interstitial lung disease (ILD). Objective: To compare HRCT patterns and severity of interstitial lung diseases in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on patients diagnosed with interstitial lung disease, dividing them into diabetic and non-diabetic groups. All participants underwent High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) of the chest, and radiological patterns such as ground-glass opacities, reticulation, and honeycombing were systematically evaluated. The HRCT findings were then compared between both groups to assess the influence of diabetes mellitus on the pattern and severity of interstitial lung disease. Results: Furthermore, these findings are consistent with earlier research suggesting that radiological patterns in interstitial lung disease (ILD) are more closely related to disease-specific pathophysiological mechanisms rather than systemic metabolic conditions such as diabetes. Although some studies have reported reduced lung volumes and diffusing capacity in diabetic individuals, these functional impairments may not necessarily correspond to detectable structural abnormalities on imaging. In the present study, no statistically significant association was observed between diabetes and HRCT patterns of ILD. This lack of significance may be partly explained by unassessed variables that could influence pulmonary involvement, including the duration of diabetes, level of glycemic control, presence of diabetic complications, and medication use. The heterogeneity within the diabetic group may therefore have contributed to the absence of a significant correlation. Conclusion: The study shows that diabetic and non-diabetic patients were demographically comparable, with no significant variation in ground-glass opacities, nodules, consolidation, reticulations, or other radiological features. Fibrotic, cystic, inflammatory, and atelectatic changes, as well as honeycombing and usual interstitial pneumonia patterns, were similarly distributed in both groups. The extent of lung involvement and prevalence of bronchiectasis were also alike.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aima Sajjad, Saman Shahid, Laiba Awais, Anas Saad, Shan Pasha, Miss Aliza Iqbal
Winning Without Fighting? China’s Strategic Advantage in the US–Iran Conflict and the Decline of US Hegemony
The US-Iran War of 2026 is the watershed moment in contemporary geopolitics. Not because of a decisive battle or technological breakthrough, but because it is the moment when the United States was eclipsed strategically by a rival that never entered the conflict directly. This article describes how China became the dominant winner of the war through a combination of economic interdependence, technological dominance, strategic patience and indirect influence. Using the theoretical frameworks of hegemonic transition and classical Chinese military philosophy, the analysis posits two key drivers of the conflict – protection of Israel and containment of China – before delving into the deep economic and defense links between China and Iran. The article goes on to show how the navigation, jamming and precision-strike systems supplied by the Chinese allowed Iran to do unprecedented damage to the US naval and air forces, crushing the myth of American technological invincibility. China’s “wait-and-see” policy is compared with the rise of America to superpower status in World War II. The article also mentions Pakistan’s surprise role as a regional mediator and economic hub, and the changing dynamics of winners and losers, with China, Pakistan and Russia gaining ground and the US, Israel, India and Arab countries losing ground. The unipolar American hegemonic moment is over and a multipolar world is emerging in which China is in a position of strength. China’s victory without fighting demonstrates the continuing relevance of Sun Tzu’s ancient wisdom for twenty-first-century statecraft.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Waseem, Isha Abbas, Memoona Abbas
Comparative effectiveness of NIMV vs IMV in respiratory failure (RF)
Study Objectives: Patients suffering from any types of respiratory distress are treated via two types of mechanical ventilation: NIMV and IMV. The second type of ventilation is more progressive for patients suffering from ARF in the context of medical treatment. Anyhow, the controversy surrounding conventional mechanical ventilation is persistent. The study aims to compare the efficiency of conventional IMV against NIMV in ARF patients in different setups. Study Design: Randomized control trials were conducted at different multicenters. Research Setting: 10 multipurpose ICUs. Sample Size: One hundred and eighty patients coming with a complaint of respiratory distress were included in the study Results: The participants of the study who receives non-IMV usually seek help from face masks in PEEP and pressure support mode, whereas those patients who are going for IMV receive it through tracheal tube Statistics: The independent variables were avoiding mortality, resource consumption, and intubation. Seventy-six out of one hundred and four patients were treated via NIMV, with the assistance of a face mask, and twenty-eight patients were treated by IMV through endotracheal intubation. When intubation in both groups was compared, results revealed that 100% of patients in conventional groups were intubated, 60% from non-invasive groups were intubated, and the remaining 40% were ventilated through face masks. The relative risk reduction in the conventional ventilation type was 45%, having a p-value equal to 0.034. Similar outcomes were obtained from stratification of ARF type.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Tayyaba Zubir, Dr Faryal Safeer, Dr Maryim Saddique, Dr IQRA Rashid, Dr Aneeza Majeed, Dr Ayesha, Dr Khushbakhat Ishaque, Dr shahqiaq Hasrat, Dr Samyia Rasheed
The Impact of social media on Suicide Risk: Exploring Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Determinants in Vulnerable Populations
Background: Social media has emerged as a dominant platform for communication and expression, but its potential role in influencing suicidal behavior has raised concerns. Numerous studies have highlighted the impact of cyberbullying, exposure to harmful content, and social comparison on mental health, yet its direct correlation with suicide risk remains a critical area of investigation. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of social media use on suicide risk, focusing on factors such as frequency of usage, exposure to negative online interactions, and the role of supportive online communities. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Rawalpindi Medical University Rawalpindi over a period from October 2023 to September 2024. The study involved 80 participants who were assessed for social media usage patterns, mental health status, and suicidal ideation. Data were collected using validated questionnaires and interviews, while statistical analyses determined correlations between social media use and suicide risk. Results: The study revealed that excessive social media use, particularly over six hours daily, was significantly associated with higher levels of suicidal ideation (p < 0.01). Participants who experienced cyberbullying reported a threefold increase in suicide risk compared to those without such experiences. Conversely, individuals who engaged in supportive online communities exhibited reduced suicidal thoughts and improved coping mechanisms. Younger participants (18–30 years) were found to be more vulnerable to the negative impact of social media compared to older individuals. Conclusion: Social media can both exacerbate and mitigate suicide risk depending on usage patterns and online interactions. While harmful content and cyberbullying increased vulnerability, supportive communities played a protective role. The findings underscore the need for public health interventions aimed at promoting positive online behaviors and mental health awareness among social media users.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Syeda Areeba Kazmi, Dr Hadiya Ijaz, Dr Samra Rafaqat, Dr maryim Saddique, Dr Samman Khushhal, Dr Khushbakhat Ishaque, Dr Ayesha, Dr Qurat-Ul- Ain, Dr Aneeza Majeed
Examining Employee Engagement and its Antecedents: The Mediating Role of Employee Psychological Well-Being: Healthcare Industry
Employee engagement is essential for organizational performance, sustainability, and employee retention. Previous studies have examined various antecedents of employee engagement; however, limited research has integrated individual, psychological, and organizational factors within a single framework. Given its importance, this study develops a conceptual model to examine the impact of personal traits, employee psychological well-being, and performance management on employee engagement, along with the mediating role of employee psychological well-being and the moderating role of the nature of the organization. The study focuses on organizations in Karachi, Pakistan, where employee engagement plays a critical role in improving productivity and organizational outcomes. Data were collected from 330 respondents using a structured questionnaire, and Smart PLS was applied for data analysis following a two-step approach. The findings support all proposed hypotheses and reveal that personal traits, psychological well-being, and performance management positively influence employee engagement. The results further indicate that personal traits significantly enhance psychological well-being, which in turn mediates the relationship between personal traits and employee engagement. Additionally, the nature of the organization moderates the relationship between personal traits and employee engagement. The study extends the generalizability of Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1977) and Job Demands–Resources theory by demonstrating that employee engagement is influenced by the interaction of personal, psychological, and organizational factors. The study recommends that organizations should focus on fostering positive personal traits, enhancing employee psychological well-being, implementing effective performance management systems, and developing supportive organizational environments to improve employee engagement and overall organizational effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Liaquat, Javeria Naveed, Areeba Faizan Ali, Ameer Hamza, Munir Hasan, Adnan Hashmi
A Clinical Study On Latest Trends of Psoriasis in Patients Attending Dermatology Opd In A Tertiary Care Center
Background Psoriasis is a chronic papulosquamous disorder of skin associated with systemic manifestations. Genetic and environmental factors play a major role in the development of psoriasis. Studies in Pakistan reveal a prevalence of 0.44 to 2.8%. Updated data of clinical trends will help in the diagnosis and management. Methods To calculate hospital-based prevalence and the clinical patterns of psoriasis among patients attending dermatology out patient department, JPMC KARACHI a descriptive cross-sectional study was designed and conducted for 6 months from October 2020 to March 2021. A total of 430 patients with psoriatic features attended our OPD during this 6 months’ period. Histopathological examination was done for relevant cases. Results A total 9821 patients attended to the dermatology out patient department during this period. Out of which 430 patients had psoriatic features, so it gives a hospital based prevalence of 4.4%. Out of 430 patients, 58% were males and the disease was most common in 25 -50 years’ age group (53%). Most common clinical pattern observed irrespective of age and sex was Chronic Plaque psoriasis. Palmoplantar psoriasis (35%) and Scalp psoriasis (10.1%) were also common. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dye allergy and detergent allergy were frequently associated with the disease. Conclusion There is a slight increase in the hospital-based prevalence of psoriasis in our study which may be attributed to the lifestyle changes and comorbidities like obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Increased incidence of allergic contact dermatitis with use of dyes, detergent and cosmetics may be the trigger for scalp and palmoplantar psoriasis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Maria Hamid, Dr. Danish Kumar, Dr. M. Sharjeel, Dr. Samyia Rasheed, Dr. Hadia Ijaz, Dr. Maryim Saddique
Evaluation of Adnexal Masses: Diagnosis of Adnexal Masses by Histopathology versus Diagnosis by Other Imaging Tools
Background: Adnexal masses are frequently encountered in gynecological practice, presenting with diverse clinical features ranging from benign cysts to malignant tumors. An accurate preoperative diagnosis is essential for differentiating benign and malignant lesions facilitating an effective treatment strategy. The definitive diagnosis could only be achieved through post-operative histopathology. Ultrasonography (USG), especially transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS), has emerged as a preferred imaging technique due to its easy availability, non-invasive nature, and real-time imaging. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic precision of USG in identifying adnexal masses, utilizing histopathology as the definitive standard. Methodology: An observational study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rawal General and Dental Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan from [start date] to [end date]. A total of 132 female patients with USG-confirmed adnexal masses were recruited using consecutive non-probability sampling techniques. The study excluded pregnant women, patients with metastatic malignancies, and those with non-operable adnexal masses. Detailed demographic data, clinical presentations, and ultrasound findings were collected. Each patient underwent surgical resection of the adnexal mass, and the specimens obtained were sent for histopathological examination. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, with results expressed as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of USG were calculated for different types of adnexal masses. Results: The mean age of the participants was 39.5 ± 10.4 years, with 61.3% being married. The predominant clinical symptom reported was abdominal or pelvic pain, observed in 76.5% of the cases, followed by post-menopausal bleeding at 33.3% and the sensation of a lump at 42.4%. Ultrasound findings indicated that a significant majority of adnexal masses exhibited a cystic morphology (68.1%), were found to be unilateral (92.4%), and were primarily derived from the ovary (87.1%). Histopathological analysis identified endometrioma as the predominant diagnosis, accounting for 21.2% of cases, with dermoid cysts following at 18.9%. Ultrasound imaging exhibited the highest sensitivity for follicular cysts at 90% and dermoid cysts at 88%. Regarding specificity, hydrosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscesses demonstrated the highest rates, at 97% and 95%, respectively. Overall, ultrasound imaging proved to be a reliable diagnostic tool, achieving a sensitivity of 81.4% and a specificity of 89% for malignancy. Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasize the role of USG as a reliable diagnostic tool for evaluating adnexal masses, demonstrating significant sensitivity and specificity for both benign and malignant conditions. Despite its operator-dependent nature, USG remains a crucial and cost-effective tool for preoperative assessment, particularly in resource-limited healthcare settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Haseeb Ahmed, Dr Baddar Sattar, Dr Faryal Safeer, Dr IQRA Rashid, Dr kholah Farid, Dr Tayyaba Zubir, Dr Hadiya Ijaz, Dr samyia Rasheed
Comparative Analysis of SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Agonists in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
The two types of agonist receptors, like inhibitors Sodium Glucose Co-transporter-2 and Glycogen-like peptide-1 agonist receptors, are keenly associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. This association is because of their ability to reduce the readings of HbA1C, which is glycated hemoglobin, with a low risk of developing hypoglycemic conditions, contrasting to their enhanced impact on blood pressure and body weight. This imposes their impact on nephroprotection and cardiovascular risk that emerges from the most frequent trials done for cardiovascular outcomes. This is the reason why there is a high chance that both of these mentioned chemicals have become more common; gathering and discussing more and more information is significant about their safety profile. Area Covered: Some of the safety concerns and adverse effects most often emerge in trials for these two chemicals, mainly the LAR, Lixisenatide, or maybe SGLT2i, Semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide; these are mainly emphasizing dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and SGLT2i, this was an attempt for comparing the molecule’s safety profile for these mentioned classes. Main Outcome Measures Randomized control trials with multiple meta-analyses have been carried out with GRADE, this was used to certainly assess the evidence. The estimated absolute effects are included in this. The impact of 1000 patients was treated for a period of five years for those patients who are at a very low with no cardiovascular risk factors, three to four risk factors set as a low-risk factor, and moderate cardiovascular risk factors diagnosed with cardiovascular disease and the one who is at a high risk suffers from CKD and a category that is at a very high risk suffers from both chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases. This systematic review was guided by a panel that provides oversight. Results The eligibility was proved for 421,346 patients those were obtained from 746 randomized control trials. All the referred results were based on the addition of GLP-1 agonist receptors and SLT-2 inhibitors to all the patients who are diagnosed with type-2 diabetes mellitus.All outcomes pertain to the incorporation of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists into current diabetes management. Both drug classes reduced all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and renal failure (high certainty evidence). Significant distinctions were identified between the two agents: SGLT-2 inhibitors decreased hospital admissions for heart failure more significantly than GLP-1 receptor agonists, while GLP-1 receptor agonists diminished the incidence of non-fatal stroke more effectively than SGLT-2 inhibitors, which had no impact. SGLT-2 inhibitors are associated with vaginal infections (high certainty), while GLP-1 receptor agonists may lead to severe gastrointestinal problems (low certainty). Evidence of poor certainty indicated that SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists may reduce body weight. Minimal to no evidence was discovered regarding the impact of SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists on limb amputation, blindness, ocular diseases, neuropathic pain, or health-related quality of life. The definitive advantages of these medications differ significantly among patients, ranging from low to very high risk of cardiovascular and renal outcomes (e.g., SGLT-2 inhibitors led to a reduction of 3 to 40 deaths per 1,000 patients over five years; refer to the interactive decision support tool (https://magicevidence.org/match-it/200820dist/#!/) for comprehensive outcomes). Conclusion Anyhow, some variances may occur comparing the advantages and the disadvantages of these. The inhibitors that are SGLT-2 with the agonist receptors that are GLP-1 are supposed to improve the renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients those are suffering from T2DM. magnificent benefits are relying on the specific risk profile of the individuals that are supposed to have a significant consequence for commencing the clinical practices as this systematic study informs and recommend to BMJ rapid outcomes. Expert Opinion Irrespective of the individual SGLT-2 and GLP-IRA adverse effects, they have similarly identified safety profiles and both of the mentioned chemicals are easily assessable. The mode of action of both chemicals is potentially synergistic. As suggested by the nephroprotective and cardiology benefit team, the benefit of the prescribed medications they are supposed even to have a more profound effect when used in combination
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr IQRA Rashid, Dr Qurat ul Ain, Dr Faryal Safeer, Dr Tayyaba Zubir, Dr Samman Khushhal, Dr Syeda Areeba kazmi, Dr Aneeza Majeed, Dr Ayesha, Dr Khushbakhat Ishaque, Dr Muhammad Faisal, Dr Samyia Rasheed
The Skin Ego and Body Boundaries: A Psychoanalysis of the Skin in Helen Mort’s The Illustrated Woman
This research examines the psychological landscape of Helen Mort's 2022 poetry collection The Illustrated Woman through the unique lens of Applied Psychoanalysis. Centred on Didier Anzieu's "The Skin Ego," this research explores how the skin (as opposed to merely a biological barrier) serves as an important site for ego development and protection. Through repeated references to tattooing, scarring, and inscriptions of the body, this research posits that Mort's lyrical speakers use their skin as a "Psychic Shield" to protect their fragmented internal selves from disintegration by external forces. The research focuses on how deliberate, physical pain and permanent ink allow for a working-through process of intergenerational trauma as well as a psychic weaning from the maternal body. Overall, this research demonstrates that in Mort's poetry, the illustrated body is in fact the very fabric of the ego itself-a resilient, living script that has been carefully constructed with the intention of maintaining psychological wholeness
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Zia Ur Rehman, Maria Aftab, Dr. Muhammad Sarwar
Comparison of Peripheral Edema in Patient Taking 2.5mg, 5mg and 10 Mg Amlodipine for Hypertension in Aims Hospital Muzaffarbad AJk
Background: Amlodipine, a widely prescribed calcium channel blocker for hypertension, is associated with dose-dependent peripheral edema. However, the extent of edema across different dosages remains a subject of clinical concern. Aim: This study aimed to compare the incidence and severity of peripheral edema in hypertensive patients receiving 2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg of Amlodipine. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Medicine, AIMS, Muzaffarabad, AJK, from October 2024 to January 2025. A total of 240 hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to three groups receiving 2.5 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg of Amlodipine. Peripheral edema was assessed using clinical grading and patient-reported symptoms over a six-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and ANOVA to compare the incidence and severity of edema across groups. Results: The incidence of peripheral edema was significantly higher in the 10 mg group (34.2%) compared to the 5 mg (18.7%) and 2.5 mg (7.5%) groups (p < 0.05). Patients on 10 mg also reported more severe edema, particularly in the lower extremities. The difference in edema occurrence between the 5 mg and 2.5 mg groups was statistically significant, indicating a dose-dependent effect. Conclusion: Higher doses of Amlodipine were associated with an increased risk of peripheral edema, with the 10 mg dose showing the highest prevalence. Clinicians should consider these findings when prescribing Amlodipine, particularly in patients prone to fluid retention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Kholah Farid, Dr Umair, Dr Razwan, Dr Tayyaba Zubir, Dr IQRA Rashid, Dr Faryal Safeer
Comparison of Intramedullary Nailing and Plate Fixation in Distal Tibial Fractures with Metaphysical Damage: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Background: Distal metadiaphyseal tibial fractures are commonly seen lower limb fractures. Intramedullary nail fixation (IMN) and plate internal fixation (PL) are the two mainstay treatments for tibial fractures, but agreement on the best internal fixation for distal tibial fractures is still controversial. This meta-analysis was designed to compare The success of IMN and PL fixations in the treatment of distal metadiaphyseal tibial fractures, in terms of complications and functional recovery. Methods: Randomize Controlled Trial RCT at Jinnah Hospital Lahore 2024-2025. Results: Eleven studies were included in the current meta-analysis. A significant difference in malunion (RR = 1.76, 95%CI 1.21–2.57, P = 0.003), superficial infection (RR = 0.29, 95%CI 0.13–0.63, P = 0.002), FFI (MD = 0.09, 95%CI 0.01– 0.17, P = 0.02), and knee pain (RR = 3.85, 95%CI 2.07–7.16, P < 0.0001) was noted between the IMN group and PL group. No significant difference was seen in the operation time (MD = - 10.46, 95%CI - 21.69–0.77, P = 0.07), radiation time (MD = 7.95, 95%CI - 6.65–22.55, P = 0.29), union time (MD = - 0.21, 95%Cl - 0.82–0.40, P = 0.49.), nonunion (RR = 2.17,95%CI 0.79–5.99, P = 0.15), deep infection (RR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.35–2.06, P = 0.72), delay union (RR = 0. 92, 95%CI 0.45–1.87, P = 0.82), AOFAS (MD 1.26, 95%Cl - 1.19–3.70, P = 0.31), and Disability Rating Index in 6 or 12 months (MD = - 3.75, 95%CI - 9.32–1.81, P = 0.19, MD = - 17.11, 95%CI - 59.37–25.16, P = 0.43, respectively). Conclusions: Although no significant difference was seen between IMN and PL fixation with regards to the operation time, radiation time, nonunion, deep infection delay union, union time, AOFAS, and Disability Rating Index, significant differences were seen in occurrence of malunion, superficial infection, FFI, and knee pain. Based on this evidence, IMN appears to be a superior choice for functional improvement of the ankle and reduction of postoperative wound superficial infection. PL internal fixation seems to be more advantageous in achieving anatomical reduction and decreasing knee pain. Permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Haseeb Ahmed, Dr Maryim Saddique, Dr Aneeza Majeed, Dr Qurat ul Ain, Dr Samra Rafaqat, Dr SAMMAN Khushhal, Dr Baddar Sattar, Dr Hadiya Ijaz, Dr Samyia Rasheed
Financial Reporting Quality and Firm Financial Performance: The Mediating Role of Earnings Management in Pakistan’s Service Industry
This study aims to examine the relationship between Financial Reporting Quality and Firm Financial Performance and to investigate the mediating role of Earnings Management in Pakistan’s service industry. Data were collected from 100 respondents working in Pakistan’s service sector through a structured questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale. The study employed correlation, reliability, one-way ANOVA, and regression analyses using SPSS 22 version to test the proposed hypotheses and mediation effects. The findings reveal that Financial Reporting Quality has a significant positive effect on Firm Financial Performance. The results further indicate that Financial Reporting Quality significantly influences Earnings Management, while Earnings Management also has a significant impact on Firm Financial Performance. Moreover, the mediation analysis confirms that Earnings Management partially mediates the relationship between Financial Reporting Quality and Firm Financial Performance. These findings suggest that transparent and reliable financial reporting enhances organizational performance, whereas earnings manipulation influences the strength of this relationship. The study is limited to a cross-sectional research design and focuses only on Pakistan’s service industry, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other sectors and regions. Additionally, the relatively small sample size may limit broader applicability; however, the statistical results remain significant and reliable. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the mediating role of Earnings Management in the relationship between Financial Reporting Quality and Firm Financial Performance within the context of Pakistan’s service industry. The study offers valuable insights for regulators, investors, auditors, and corporate managers regarding the importance of transparent financial reporting and reduced earnings manipulation for sustainable organizational growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anwar Hussain Noorani, Kosar Jabbin, Shabbir Ahmed, Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Ilyas
Brand Identity and Social Media Impact Customer Decisions: Mediating Personality, Moderating Self-Congruence in Fashion
This research explores how brand identity, social media marketing activities and customer loyalty influences customer decision making in the B2C retail consumer electronics market in Pakistan with brand personality as a mediator and self-congruence as a moderator. The respondents were sampled (300 in urban and semi-urban areas) using quantitative methods to complete structured questionnaires. The relationships were analyzed using structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) which is a partial least squares method. Findings showed that brand identity and social media marketing activities and customer loyalty had significant positive impacts on brand personality, which in turn, had an impact on customer decision-making. The brand personality-customer decision making relationship was moderated by self-congruence. The results can offer practical implications for marketers for improving customer interactions and decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alishba Malik, Inam Ullah Khan, Muhammad Subhan Shafiq, Rida Akbar, Ameer Hamza Ghumman, Ijaz Hussain
Impact of Arousal, Aggression and Mood States on Sports Performance among Novice and Elite Athletes
This research discusses about features of psychological influence on the performance of novice and elite athletes: arousal, aggression, and mood states. A comparative, quantitative and a cross-sectional research design was used whereby a sample of 100 athletes representing different forms of sports was used. Psychological variables were measured using standardized instruments and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests and regression. The result showed considerable differences in arousal and aggression levels between novice and elite athletes, with the latter having higher levels of both variables. None of the major differences in mood states were however observed. Regression shows that only arousal has been a significant predictor of performance with a negative relationship established as well as that the aggression and mood states were not significant predictors of performance outcomes. The outcomes support the role of psychological regulation especially arousal control in attaining optimal performance in sport. The research adds to the body of current literature in sports psychology as it presents a set of empirical data on a half-soccer setting. The findings highlight the importance of having psychological training strategies included in the athletic development programs in order to promote improved performance and emotional control in the athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samaviya Akhtar, Waqas ul Nisa, Sobia Sultana, Ayesha Aslan
Semantic Priming, Lexical Framing, and Attitude Formation: A Psycholinguistic Study of Word Associations in Undergraduate Learners
This study explores how undergraduate students in Pakistan relate to semantic priming, lexically framed influence, and the formation of attitudes from a psycholinguistic perspective. Utilizing the Spreading Activation Theory and Framing Theory, the research analyzes how lexical stimuli impact students’ word associations and evaluative attitudes towards conceptual understanding (academic vs social). A mixed methods research design was used to carry out this investigation through both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target participants were undergraduate students enrolled in an English medium institution in Bachelor of Science (BS) programs, specifically BS English, BS Psychology, and BS Education. Data collection methods consisted of a demographic questionnaire, a Primed Word Association Task, and Lexical Framing Task with positive and negative frames measured using Likert scale responses. The quantitative analysis included frequency counts and descriptive statistics, while the qualitative analysis involved thematic coding of participant responses. The results showed that participants made strong positive semantic associations between English and both "communication," "opportunity," "achievement," and "success." Participants were also more positively influenced by lexical framing for learning English and developing their academic abilities than negatively. The negative response to the framing task was primarily due to the words chosen to communicate stress, barriers, and struggle. Additionally, the study found that semantic priming activates automatic cognitive associations, whereas lexical framing influences evaluative judgments made consciously. Overall, the study provides evidence demonstrating how significantly language influences cognition and perception.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aysha Khan, Kamran Ali
Formulation and Quality Evaluation of Barley-Based Functional Instant Noodles
The current study was carried out to create functional instant noodles by combining barley and whole wheat composite flour to improve the nutritional and functional value of traditional instant noodles. Barley was chosen because of its abundance of β-glucan, dietary fiber, and bioactive substances with antioxidant potential. Using varying ratios of barley and whole wheat flour, composite flour formulations (N2, N3, and N4) were created and their proximate and physicochemical qualities assessed. Formulation N4 was chosen for noodle development because it had the best overall nutritional profile and functional qualities. Proximate composition, phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant activity, microbiological quality, cooking properties, texture profile, and sensory acceptance were all assessed for the produced noodles. When compared to traditional noodles, proximate analysis showed enhanced nutritional composition with moisture (57.18%), protein (14.54%), fat (13.62%), ash (1.6%), fiber (3.42%), and carbs (9.82%). Terpenoids were not present, however flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic substances were, according to qualitative phytochemical screening. With total phenolic content (7.42 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (6.82 mg QE/g), total tannin content (6.60 mg TAE/g), and excellent DPPH radical scavenging activity, in vitro antioxidant study demonstrated considerable bioactive potential. Rehydration rate (89%), water absorption capacity (89%), cooking loss (12%), and appropriate texture qualities were among the acceptable cooking and quality features shown by functional evaluation. The product stayed below acceptable safety levels, according to microbiological investigation, although a small amount of contamination emphasizes the significance of more hygienic processing. With an overall score of 7.05 on a nine-point hedonic scale, the sensory evaluation demonstrated strong consumer approval. The findings show that adding barley greatly improves antioxidant, functional, and nutritional qualities without impairing sensory quality. All things considered, instant noodles made from barley and whole wheat offer a more nutritious option than regular noodles and show great promise for growth as a useful convenience food for consumers who are health-conscious.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aiman Yaseen Butt, Tahani Binte Haseeb, Ayesha Amjad, Haniya Rehman, Hiba Talib, Aleeza Zafar, Bisma Tariq, Anum Liaquat
The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Work Engagement: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction
This paper discusses the effects of transformational leadership on work engagement but with specific reference to whether job satisfaction mediate the effects of transformational leadership among the faculty members of the public sector universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and idealized influence are the key attributes of transformational leadership that has been more than acknowledged as an effective management style in improving employee attitudes as well as behaviors. These relationships are of particular importance in the academic circles where intellectual and emotional commitment is critical. A sample of 526 faculty members was used to collect the data with the assistance of the standardized and validated instruments, such as Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). A quantitative type of cross-sectional design was used and the analysis undertaken with descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis and mediation analysis in the approach of Baron and Kenny. The results show that work engagement and job satisfaction are significantly and positively influenced by transformational leadership. Also, work engagement is positively related with job satisfaction. The mediation analysis indicates that job satisfaction mostly mediates the connection between transformational leadership and work engagement, which implies that transformational leaders positively impact the work engagement not only directly but also indirectly through the improvement of employee’s job satisfaction. The paper has added to the body of literature by giving empirical evidence of the study by the higher education sector in Pakistan, a setting that has not been adequately researched on leadership studies. The findings provide some useful suggestions to policy makers and university administrators on the need to pursue transformational practices of leadership in order to achieve a more involved and satisfied workforce in the institutions, which ultimately leads to better performance of the institutions and the outcomes of learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asghar Ali, Dr. Muhammad Rashid, Rab Nawaz, Nazim Ali
Alprazolam Misuse and Addiction Awareness: A Survey Based Study
Alprazolam, a widely prescribed benzodiazepine, is commonly used for the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders. However, its potential for misuse has become a significant public health concern. This research has been conducted among a 100 people to examine the patterns of alprazolam misuse and the level of awareness surrounding its proper use among both users and healthcare professionals. Through surveys with individuals who have used alprazolam, the study highlights prevalent misuse behaviors, such as non-medical use and prescription diversion, it also explores the gaps in education and awareness regarding the risks of addiction, overdose, and dependence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Qamar, Halima Sadia*, Hira Raees, Zainab Siddiqui, Quratulain Waseem, Sawera Aleem, Sana Sohail
Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Online Impulse Purchases: The Moderating Role of Demographic Factors
Lately, interest in the concept of the Big Five Personality has been growing with academics having acknowledged the personality traits as major contributors to impulsive purchase behavior. Researchers have carried out research to understand how the five key personality traits impact the impulsive behavior of consumers on the Internet taking into consideration the effect of demographic factors. We collected information on 215 people through the administration of a questionnaire in the form of a structured questionnaire via Google Forms. We used SPSS and Hayes procedure to do moderation and regression analysis of the data. The findings indicate that particular personality variables have a substantial impact on online the likelihood of indulging in impulsive online purchases. Our research revealed that extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness have a noteworthy impact. However, upon examining other personality traits, it is evident that neuroticism (NEU) does not have a significant effect on online impulsive purchasing behavior. The interaction terms including extraversion and income are statistically significant predictors of online shopping behavior, albeit the magnitude of the effect is rather small. The association impact of income on impulsive purchase is significantly influenced by one's level of conscientiousness. According to the results, it seems that those with greater income levels and conscientious personality qualities had a lower tendency to make impulsive purchases. Age has a substantial influence on the development of personality traits and impulsive conduct online, and this influence varies as individuals’ age.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sheer Khan Miakhel, Farid Ullah
Awareness and Practices of Maternal Nutrition Guidance among Mothers and Healthcare Professionals in the UK and Pakistan: A Systematic Review
This study provides evidence on awareness and practices related to maternal nutrition and its impact on birth and early childhood health outcomes. It also identifies which nutritional interventions can be regularly incorporated into antenatal care. Studies were identified and screened in electronic databases (PubMed, BMC, Social Sciences Index, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library) to select relevant studies for inclusion. Inclusion criteria included studies reporting on dietary intake, dietary patterns, anthropometric status, or micronutrient supplementation in women of reproductive age, before and during pregnancy, and reported on birth weight, gestational age, small-for-gestational-age status, maternal morbidity, or long-term offspring health. The studies showed awareness and practices regarding multiple-micronutrient supplementation, including iron and folic acid. Consistently, data indicated that, compared with iron and folic acid alone, multiple-micronutrient supplementation reduced the risk of low birth weight and small-for-gestational-age births, especially among undernourished populations. Maternal nutrition plays a key role in determining birth outcomes. Most evidence supports the use of multiple micronutrient supplements in undernourished settings and interventions aimed at improving overall diet quality. Policies and practices should focus on integrating context-specific nutrition assessments and interventions into routine antenatal care and on strengthening the evidence base for food-based and implementation strategies.