An Investigation of the Economic Sustainability of Environmental Laws in the Mining Sector: A Case Study of Hangu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Coal Mines

Abstract

Natural resource extraction in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa plays a significant role in sustaining the livelihoods of multiple local communities. Still, over-extraction or a non-standardized approach to mining depletes resources for future generations. Thus, it is important to govern the commons through properly defined institutions. However, the sustainability of these institutions and laws remains a question. To address these concerns, qualitative research examines the economic sustainability of environmental laws in the mining sector of Hangu District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study explores how environmental regulations influence mining operations, local economic development, environmental protection, and community welfare. The study employs a qualitative case study methodology grounded in document analysis and stakeholder interviews. The findings suggest that environmental laws can promote long-term economic sustainability when effectively implemented, although enforcement challenges continue to limit their effectiveness. However, weak administrative approaches also hinder the economic efficiency of mining activities.