Orbital Power Politics: Satellite Bans, Space Militarization, and the Rise of the Surveillance Economy in 21st Century Geopolitics

Abstract

This paper conceptualizes orbital power politics as one of the central dynamics of geopolitics in the twenty-first century, and how concerns about satellite restrictions and space militarization, as well as the surveillance economy, are redefining strategic competition. Outer space has transformed into an area of collaboration in scientific fields, as well as a war on space, an engagement of the projection of power. The study employs a qualitative comparative methodology where policy structures, military policies, and technological trajectories of the major and emerging spacefaring actors are analyzed focusing on the satellite bans, denial strategy, anti satellite capability and dual use space systems. It also assesses the third wave in the development of surveillance markets and blurring of the distinction between public security and secretive data mining through commercial satellite networks. Using the findings, it is possible to propose that weaponized and politicized space infrastructures have weakened the political regimes of the present, have intensified deterrence dilemmas, and have added to the inequalities in digital sovereignty. The paper advocates the use of inclusive, multilateral governance systems, confidence-building actions and regulatory standards to maintain a sustainable and peaceful use of the outer-space.