The 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict: From Pahalgam to Operation Bunyanum Marsoos

Abstract

In April 2025, tensions between India and Pakistan rose sharply after an attack in Indian-controlled Kashmir killed 26 Hindu pilgrims. Pakistan strongly condemned the attack and called for an independent investigation, but India quickly blamed groups based in Pakistan without proof. In response, India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, a long-standing water-sharing agreement between the two countries. On May 7, India launched Operation Sindoor, carrying out airstrikes inside Pakistan. Pakistan hit back with Operation Bunyanum Marsoos, targeting Indian military sites. The downing of an Indian Rafael jet by Pakistani forces became a key moment in the crisis and countered India’s narrative. Global powers, including the U.S., China, and the European Union, stepped in to prevent the conflict from spiraling out of control. A ceasefire was reached on May 10, though relations between the two countries remain tense, and the water treaty is still on hold. This crisis showed once again how quickly South Asia can be pushed toward conflict—especially when political interests and unresolved disputes like Kashmir are involved. Real peace will only be possible if both sides engage in honest dialogue and take steps to build trust.