Relationship Between Demographic Factors, In-Service Training, and Professional Competencies in Agricultural Extension

Abstract

This study assessed the professional competency gaps and training needs of Agricultural Extension Field Staff (EFS) in three districts of southern Punjab, Pakistan, using a descriptive research design with a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. A sample of 120 extension professionals was selected to examine the relationship between demographic variables and professional competencies. The results revealed that the extension workforce is well-educated and experienced, with a strong foundation in agricultural practices and training programs. However, significant training needs were identified, particularly in digital communication methods, including the use of radio, television, and projectors, which were found to be the most critical areas for skill development. Additionally, participatory extension techniques, such as farmer engagement and agricultural extension methodologies, exhibited considerable skill gaps, necessitating specialized training. In contrast, supervisory competencies for extension activities and junior staff were found to be relatively strong, requiring minimal additional training. The findings further indicated that agricultural experience significantly influenced the need for participatory extension training, while age had a minor effect on supervision and administration competencies. However, qualifications, job experience, and general agricultural experience did not show a substantial impact on administrative competency requirements, suggesting a more even distribution of training needs in this area. Based on these findings, several recommendations were proposed to enhance professional competencies. These include the development of specialized training programs, focusing on farmer engagement and participatory approaches, and improving digital communication skills to enhance outreach efforts. Expanding in-service training programs, customizing training based on agricultural experience, ensuring equitable access to training opportunities, and integrating practical field-based learning approaches were also emphasized. Additionally, policy support for continuous professional development was recommended to ensure the long-term capacity building of EFS. Implementing these measures will strengthen agricultural extension services, improve knowledge dissemination, and enhance farmer participation in rural development programs.