The Dynamics of Political Instability in Pakistan: Causes, Impacts, and Pathways to Stability

Abstract

Political instability has remained a persistent challenge in Pakistan since its inception in 1947, undermining its democratic development, economic growth, and social cohesion. This paper explores the multifaceted causes of political instability in Pakistan, including historical legacies of colonialism, weak institutional frameworks, military interventions, corruption, ethnic divisions, and economic disparities. The impacts of instability are examined through the lens of governance failures, economic stagnation, social unrest, and erosion of public trust in state institutions. Moreover, the study highlights external influences, such as geopolitical pressures and regional conflicts, as compounding factors. Finally, the paper proposes pathways to stability, emphasizing the importance of institutional reform, rule of law, economic inclusion, political accountability, and fostering national unity. Through the identifying key structural and systemic issues, this research aims to contribute to the discourse on sustainable governance and development in Pakistan, offering practical recommendations to mitigate instability and promote long-term resilience.