The Climate-Security Nexus in South Asia: Pakistan at the Crossroads of Environmental Degradation and Regional Insecurity, A Pakistan-Centric Analysis of Realism, Social Constructivism, and Green Perspective

Abstract

Climate change poses significant challenges to global security, particularly in South Asia, where rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events are worsening existing tensions over resources such as water and land. This region, home to nearly a quarter of the world's population, is highly susceptible to climate change, with far-reaching insinuations for human migration, conflict, and regional stability. Pakistan, ranked among the top ten countries most vulnerable to climate change, is a critical case study. The country's geography, economy, and population make it highly disposed to climate-related disasters, including floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Climate change is altering the hydrology of the Indus River Basin, a critical source of water for Pakistan and India, further complicating their complex relationship. This research employs a qualitative research design, utilizing a multi-theoretical framework that integrates Realism, Constructivism, and the Green Perspective. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of secondary data sources, including academic literature, policy documents, and reports from international organizations. The data collection process involved a thorough review of existing literature on climate change, security, and South Asia. The sources included Academic journals and books, Policy documents and reports from international organizations. Finally, Government reports and data. The findings of this study highlight the importance of national interests, security concerns, and power dynamics in shaping Pakistan's response to climate change. The study stresses the need for a comprehensive approach to address the climate change-security nexus in South Asia, including regional cooperation, improved water management practices, and sustainable development. Ultimately, addressing the climate change-security interconnection in South Asia requires a sustained commitment to cooperation, diplomacy, and sustainable development. By working together to address the shared challenges posed by climate change, the countries of South Asia can build a more peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable future for all.