Cultural Perceptions of Parenting and Parental Empowerment: A Sociological Study of Shifting Norms in Urban and Rural Pakistan

Abstract

This study explores the cultural perceptions and practices of parenting in urban and rural Pakistan, focusing on how traditional values and modern influences shape parenting styles and parental empowerment in these distinct settings. The research also compares shifting parenting norms, assessing the socio-economic, cultural, and gender dynamics that influence parenting decisions. A mixed-methods, cross-sectional research design was employed, combining qualitative (semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions) and quantitative (surveys) data collection methods. A purposive sample of 230 parents (115 from urban areas like Lahore and 115 from rural areas such as Bahawalpur and Multan) was selected based on gender, socio-economic status, and geographic location. The study's findings reveal significant differences in parenting practices and empowerment across urban and rural settings. Urban parents exhibited higher levels of parental empowerment, with greater access to resources and decision-making authority, while rural parents faced challenges in these areas. Urban parenting was characterized by a greater emphasis on independent thinking, emotional expression, and gender equality, with a preference for modern parenting practices influenced by education and media. In contrast, rural parenting remained more traditional, emphasizing respect, obedience, and the involvement of extended family, with a stronger adherence to gender roles. The results highlight the evolving nature of parenting in urban areas, driven by socio-economic factors and modern influences, while rural areas maintain more rigid, culturally embedded norms.