The Supervisory Dilemma: Head Teachers' Struggle for Effective Instructional Leadership of Secondary Schools in District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Management Approach for School Leadership

Abstract

This study aims to find out the issues and challenges of instructional supervision faced by principals of government secondary schools in Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A quantitative survey research design was used to conduct this study. Based on literature review five key themes (challenges) were identified. Using these five themes, a 28 items survey questionnaire was developed based on literature review and expert opinion and used to collect data from head teachers regarding the issues and challenges hindering instructional supervision in government secondary schools. Data were collected from 128 head teachers based on total population sampling technique comprising 75 males and 54 females in the district. Factor analysis was conducted to validate the factor structure of the scale. The collected data was analyzed using mean scores, standard deviation, correlation and linear regression analysis. Based on analysis, all the five hypotheses were accepted giving evidence that these challenges such as lack of training, lack of staff, incentives and authority, financial resources and political interference affected the instructional supervision of head teachers of secondary schools in district Dir Lower, Malakand Division. Based on the study it is recommended that there may be proper training for head teachers, provision of staff and financial resources to schools. The head teachers may be empowered to carry out daily school activities without any political interference.