Pakistan–U.S. Relations during the War on Terror (2001–2008): Strategic Cooperation and Emerging Challenges

Abstract

The events of 11 September 2001 fundamentally transformed Pakistan–U.S. relations, leading to a strategic partnership in the global War on Terror. This study examines the nature of bilateral relations between Pakistan and the United States during the Musharraf era (2001–2008), highlighting the opportunities, challenges, and contradictions that emerged during this period. It explores Pakistan’s decision to join the U.S.-led coalition against terrorism, the resulting military, political, and economic cooperation, and the implications for Pakistan’s domestic and foreign policies. The study further analyses major issues including counterterrorism operations, security assistance, intelligence cooperation, the Afghan conflict, drone strikes, public opinion, and the growing strategic partnership between the United States and India. It argues that although Pakistan gained substantial economic and military support, the relationship remained largely interest-driven and was marked by mutual mistrust and conflicting strategic priorities. The article concludes that the War on Terror reshaped bilateral relations but also generated long-term security, political, and diplomatic challenges that continued to influence Pakistan–U.S. relations beyond 2008.