An Investigation into Principals’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of Human and Resource Management Issues in Public Secondary Schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v4i1.2463Keywords:
School Administration, Human Resource Management, Resource Allocation, Principal-Teacher Relationship, Secondary Education, Quetta, School-Based Management.Abstract
This study investigates the divergent perceptions of principals and teachers regarding human and resource management within public secondary schools in District Quetta, Balochistan. Employing a descriptive, quantitative design, data were collected from 200 participants, evenly split between 100 principals and 100 teachers. ANOVA results confirmed statistically significant differences between the two groups on key management indicators, including classroom overcrowding (F=22.894, p=0.000) and the perceived problem of teacher shortages (F=27.617, p=0.000). Further significant divergences were observed regarding support for implementing educational policies (F=75.305, p=0.000) and district-level assistance in managing underperforming staff (F=3.941, p=0.048). Conversely, no significant differences were found in perceptions regarding staff obedience to administrative instructions (F=0.080, p=0.777) or the influence of elected local members on school matters (F=1.079, p=0.300). These findings highlight a critical disconnect between administrative planning and classroom-level operational reality, suggesting that top-down management models may hinder institutional cohesion. The study concludes that fostering transparent, collaborative decision-making is essential to bridge these perceptual gaps, optimize resource allocation, and cultivate a high-performing school climate conducive to improved student academic achievement.
References
Akhtar, M., Abbas, Q., & Ali, S. (2023). Exploring the Factors Affecting Teacher Shortages in Rural Areas of Pakistan: A Mixed-Methods Study. Journal of Educational Research, 116(1), 127-142.
Bukhari, S. T. N., Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., & Bano, S. (2025). Analysing the impact of education policies and their implementation on the school education system in Punjab, Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 98–110.
Diab, Y. (2021). The Concept of Knowledge Sharing in Organizations. Management Studies and Economic Systems (MSES), 6, 91–100.
Duncombe, W., Nguyen-Hoang, P., & Yinger, J. (2024). Measurement of Cost Differentials. In H. F. Ladd & M. Goertz (Eds.), Handbook of Research in Education Finance and Policy (2nd ed., pp. 383-410). Routledge.
Eaglesham, A. (2020). Developing International Teacher Competencies: A Prerequisite for Skills-Based Learning.
Gamble, J., Browne, J., & Creedy, D. (2021). Hospital Accreditation: Driving Best Outcomes through Continuity of Midwifery Care? A scoping review. Women and Birth, 34(2), 113–121.
Khan, A., Baloch, S. B., Bazai, P., & Rehman, M. (2023). Higher education in Balochistan: Status and way forward. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(1), 68–85.
Khan, M. A., Khan, R., & Jan, S. (2024). The Impact of School-Based Management on Resource Allocation and Student Achievement in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(1), 102-121.
Lenkauskaitė, J., Colomer, J., & Bubnys, R. (2020). Students’ Social Construction of Knowledge through Cooperative Learning. Sustainability, 12(22), 1-24.
Matsuo, M., & Aihara, M. (2022). Effect of a Community of Practice on Knowledge Sharing Across Boundaries: The Mediating Role of Learning Goals. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26, 1–16.
Mbua, M. E., Agborbechem, P. T., & Sophie, E. E. (2022). Principals’ Use of Community Financial Resources and Its Impact on the Management of Secondary Schools in Fako Division, South-West Region of Cameroon. The American Journal of Management and Economics Innovations, 05(12), 41-59.
Mincu, M. E., & D’Addio, A. (2026). How school leaders decide when school autonomy is low: interactive leadership to navigate system governance. School Leadership & Management, 46(3), 300–321.
Mustafa, R., Khan, M. S., & Zaman, K. (2022). Teacher Shortages and Their Impact on Teacher Workload and Student Achievement in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 9(1), 113-132.
Odide, M, O., Elizabeth, N., & Jared, A, N. (2022). Financial Resource Management Challenges for Principals in Public Secondary Schools in Langata Sub-county. World Journal of Innovative Research (WJIR), 12(6), 14-22.
Ogunode, N. J., Ojochnemi, U. B., & Ayoko, V. O. (2023). Leadership styles and school effectiveness. International Journal of Development and Public Policy, 3(11), 1–12.
Olaivar, R., & Loayon, L. (2022). School Heads’ Human Resource Management Practices, Teachers’ School Engagement, and Teaching Performance. International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 10(9), 27–41.
Özdoğru, M., Doğuş, Y., & Akyürek, M. İ. (2025). The Mediating Role of the Principal–Teacher Relationship in Innovative School Leadership and Teacher Professional Learning According to Turkish Teachers’ Perceptions. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 450.
Przytuła, S., Sułkowski, Ł., & Kulikowski, K. (2025). Human resource management in higher education institutions: An international perspective. Routledge.
Pusvitasari, R. (2021). Human Resources Management in Improving the Quality of Education. Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 05(02), 125-135.
Quebec Fuentes, S., & Jimerson, J. B. (2020). Role Enactment and Types of Feedback: The Influence of Leadership Content Knowledge on Instructional Leadership Efforts. Journal of Educational Supervision, 3(2), 6-31.
Rook, M. M., Özkan-Bekiroglu, S., Tietjen, P., Choi, K., & Scott, P. M. (2020). Forming and Sustaining a Learning Community and Developing Implicit Collective Goals in an Open Future Learning Space. Journal of Learning Spaces, 9, 19–30.
Unterbrink, T., Filges, T., & Wuttke, E. (2021). Overcrowded Classrooms and Student Achievement: A Systematic Review. Educational Research Review, 33, 100392.
Wanjala, J., W., Lydiah, W., & Joseph, N. (2022). Principals’ Human Resource Management Practices and Academic Achievement in Public Secondary Schools in Bungoma East Sub-County, Kenya. Sch J Arts Humanit Soc Sci, 10(6), 241-248.
Yangambi, M. (2023). Impact of School Infrastructures on Students' Learning and Performance: Case of Three Public Schools in a Developing Country. Creative Education, 14(4), 1052-1066.
Zuhrotul, U., Santoso, & Slamet, U. (2021). The Influence of Principal Leadership on Primary School Teachers’ Performance. Anp Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 2(2), 93–98.
