Determination of Criminal Responsibility of Offenders with Personality Disorders

Authors

  • Ali Ajmal Visiting Faculty, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: forensicanalysis007@gmail.com
  • Faiza Rasool Consultant Psychologist, Ali Ajmal Clinic, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: faizarasool2005@gmail.com

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v4i1.2184

Keywords:

Crime, Disorder, Insanity, Law, Personality

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to analyze how criminal law addresses offenders with personality disorders in determining criminal responsibility. The doctrinal legal analysis research method was employed for this purpose. Criminal law allows the defense of insanity and the defense of diminished responsibility to offenders with severe personality disorders. However, there are some ambiguities and reservations, based on certain misconceptions, in the criminal justice system around the world in allowing insanity defense to offenders with personality disorders. Moreover, the statutory provisions dealing with the insanity defense are more inclined towards cognitive and behavioral aspects of offenders, while not giving due weightage to the pathological behavioral and thinking patterns of offenders due to personality disorders. The relevant statutory provisions in criminal law are recommended for amendment to include personality disorders in determining the criminal responsibility of offenders. 

References

Ajmal, A., & Rasool, F. (2024a). Analysis of doctrine of insanity defense in English criminal law. Research Journal for Societal Issues, 6(1), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.56976/rjsi.v6i1.181

Ajmal, A., & Rasool, F. (2024b). Analysis of the law of insanity defense in the United Arab Emirates. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 5(2), 405-412. https://doi.org/10.35484/ahss.2024(5-II-S)38

Ajmal, A., & Rasool, F. (2025a). Insanity defense in criminal law in Portugal. Advance Social Science Archive Journal, 4(1), 4456–4462. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17289836

Ajmal, A., & Rasool, F. (2025b). Legal Insanity in Criminal Law in Germany. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(3), 3013-3019. https://doi.org/10.59075/8vc2hy08

Ajmal, A., Rasool, F., & Niazi, F. U. (2023a). Evolution of modern insanity defense: A critical review. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 4(4), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.35484/ahss.2023(4-IV)06

Ajmal, A., Rasool, F., & Niazi, F. U. (2023b). Insanity defense in US law: A critical analysis. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 4(4), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2023(4-IV)24

Bonnie, R. J. (2010). Should a personality disorder qualify as a mental disease in insanity adjudication?. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 38(4), 760-763.

Chester, D. S., DeWall, C. N., & Enjaian, B. (2019). Sadism and aggressive behavior: Inflicting pain to feel pleasure. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 45(8), 1252-1268.

Corte di Cassazione [Court of Cassation], Sez. I, 3 maggio 2005, n. 16574, Cassazione Penale (Italy).

Diamond, B. L. (1985). Reasonable medical certainty, diagnostic thresholds, and definitions of mental illness in the legal context. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 13(2), 121-128.

Edens, J. F., & Cox, J. (2012). Examining the prevalence, role and impact of evidence regarding antisocial personality, sociopathy and psychopathy in capital cases: A survey of defense team members. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(3), 239-255.

Erickson, S. K. (2022). Unreasonable minds and imperfect self-defense. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 82, 101794.

Felthous, A. R. (1986). Schizotypal personality disorder and insanity defense. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(3), 1016-1022.

Fornari, U. (2006). I disturbi gravi di personalità rientrano nel concetto di infermità. Cassazione Penale, 46(1), 274–280.

Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A. K., & Raine, A. (2013). Antisocial personality disorder: A current review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(12), Article 427.

Keyes, D. (1981). The minds of Billy Milligan. Random House.

Lieberman, J. D., & Krauss, D. A. (Eds.). (2016). Psychological expertise in court: Psychology in the courtroom (Vol. 2). Routledge.

Math, S. B., Kumar, C. N., & Moirangthem, S. (2015). Insanity defense: Past, present, and future. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(4), 381–387.

Milani, A. R., & Gharibi, Z. (2016). Criminal responsibility of offenders with personality disorders with an emphasis on crime psychological factors. Journal of Politics and Law, 9(7), 195–205.

Mohíno, S., Pujol, A., & Idiaquez, I. (2011). Personality disorders and criminal responsibility in the Spanish Supreme Court. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56(1), 150-154.

Morse, S. J. (2008). Psychopathy and criminal responsibility. Neuroethics, 1(3), 205-212.

Pickard, H. (2015). Choice, deliberation, violence: Mental capacity and criminal responsibility in personality disorder. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 40, 15-24.

Reichlin, S. M., Bloom, J. D., & Williams, M. H. (1993). Excluding personality disorders from the insanity defense: A follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 21(1), 91–100.

Reznek, L. (2005). Evil or ill?: justifying the insanity defence. Routledge.

Rocca, G., & Carrossino, R. (2012). Personality disorders and criminal responsibility in Italy: Forensic psychiatric considerations about the importance of going beyond a categorical view. European Psychiatry, 27(S1), 1.

Slovenko, R. (1993). The multiple personality and the criminal law. Medicine and Law, 12(3–5), 329–340.

Slovenko, R. (2009). Psychiatry in law/law in psychiatry (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Spaans, M., Barendregt, M., Haan, B., Nijman, H., & de Beurs, E. (2011). Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder and criminal responsibility. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34(5), 374-378.

Sparr, L. F. (2009). Personality disorders and criminal law: An international perspective. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 37(2), 168–181.

Steinberg, M., Bancroft, J., & Buchanan, J. (1993). Multiple personality disorder in criminal law. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 21(3), 345–356.

State v. Badger, 229 N.J. Super. 288, 551 A.2d 207 (1988).

State v. Galloway, 133 N.J. 631, 628 A.2d 735 (1993).

State v. Rodrigues, 67 Haw. 70, 679 P.2d 615 (1984).

Tollefsrud, R. (2022). Saving the Insanity Defense: Insight into Personality Disorders and the Necessary Elements of the Test. Mitchell Hamline Law Review., 48(1), Article 10.

Zeigler-Hill, V., & Marcus, D. K. (Eds.). (2016). The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology. American Psychological Association.

Downloads

Published

30-03-2026

How to Cite

Ajmal, A., & Rasool, F. (2026). Determination of Criminal Responsibility of Offenders with Personality Disorders. Social Science Review Archives, 4(1), 4915–4920. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v4i1.2184