"Islam and Religious Freedom: Protection of the Rights of Non-Muslims"

Abstract

This paper explores the concept of religious freedom in Islam through the lens of the foundational Quranic principle, "Lā ikrāha fīd-dīn" (There is no compulsion in religion).

The primary objective of this research is to clarify the scholarly and exegetical dimensions of this verse, highlighting that while Islam presents a comprehensive code of life for its followers, it explicitly grants non-Muslims the freedom of choice in matters of faith.

By analyzing the interpretations of eminent classical scholars such as Imam Razi, Ibn Kathir, and Imam Shawkani, the study establishes that faith is a matter of heart-felt conviction and cannot be attained through coercion or external pressure.

In addition to theoretical discussions, the paper provides a detailed analysis of historical precedents from the Prophetic era and the Rightly Guided Caliphate. Key examples include the Charter of Medina, the general amnesty granted during the Conquest of Mecca, and the religious tolerance shown to the Delegation of Najran.

Furthermore, the study examines the Covenant of Aelia under Hazrat Umar (RA) and the protective policies regarding non-Muslim places of worship during Hazrat Uthman’s (RA) reign.

The paper concludes that Islam’s framework for religious freedom and the protection of minority rights is rooted in both divine revelation and rational principles, ensuring the preservation of human dignity and social harmony.