Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Livelihood: A Qualitative Study

Abstract

This article investigates the gendered impact of climate change on agricultural livelihoods in rain-dependent villages of Attock District, Rawalpindi Division (Punjab, Pakistan). Drawing on 24 semi-structured interviews with twelve men and twelve women conducted in Domel and Basal, the study shows how unpredictable rainfall, increasing water scarcity, and declining yields undermine household food security and income stability. Women bear disproportionate burdens, including increased water fetching, livestock care, and household resource management, while remaining excluded from major household decision-making. Men and women adopt different coping mechanisms to manage harsh and unpredictable climate conditions; these include livelihood diversification, home gardening, and community cooperation, yet they remain insufficient without structural support. Using a Marxist feminist framework, the study demonstrates how patriarchal and capitalist relations intensify the invisible exploitation of women’s reproductive labor, further burdening already overworked women in rural households. The findings highlight the urgent need for gender-inclusive policies, farmer training, and recognition of women’s contributions to strengthen climate resilience in Pakistan’s vulnerable agrarian communities.