Early Identification of Hearing Loss in Children and its Impact on language Development

Abstract

Hearing loss in early childhood can significantly impede language acquisition, cognitive development, and social integration, making timely detection a critical public health priority. Early identification is associated with improved language outcomes, yet many children experience delays in diagnosis, limiting the effectiveness of interventions. This study aimed to examine the impact of early identification of hearing loss on language development in children. A mixed-methods design was employed, involving 120 children aged 6 months to 5 years with permanent hearing loss, divided into early (≤6 months) and late (>6 months) identification groups. Standardized language assessments, including the Preschool Language Scale-5 and MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, were used to evaluate expressive and receptive language. Auditory performance was measured through aided audiometry and speech perception tests, while qualitative interviews with parents and clinicians captured intervention experiences and family engagement. Results indicated that children identified early achieved significantly higher scores in both expressive and receptive language domains, demonstrated better auditory performance, and required fewer compensatory interventions than those identified later. Regression analysis confirmed age at diagnosis as a strong independent predictor of language outcomes, even after controlling for socioeconomic and environmental factors. Qualitative findings highlighted that timely intervention and active parental involvement were key facilitators of successful language development. In conclusion, early identification of hearing loss markedly enhances language development and auditory outcomes in children. Future research should explore long-term cognitive and social outcomes and develop accessible, family-centered intervention strategies to ensure equitable support for all children with hearing impairment.