Migration and Climate Change in Pakistan: A Case Study of Existing Threats and Planned Relocations

Abstract

Climate change has emerged as a significant driver of human mobility worldwide, compelling governments and communities to develop adaptive strategies to mitigate displacement risks. Pakistan, highly vulnerable to climate-induced hazards such as floods, droughts, and extreme weather events, has initiated planned relocation programs to reduce the impacts of climate-induced displacement. This study examines the effectiveness and inclusivity of government-led planned relocation initiatives in Quetta, Balochistan, focusing on the transparency of site selection, adequacy of infrastructure, and participation of affected communities. Additionally, it evaluates the role and capacity of civil society organizations (CSOs) in addressing climate-induced migration, including early warning systems, emergency response, and advocacy for climate migrants’ rights. Employing a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 CSO members operating in Quetta. Thematic analysis identified five major themes: inclusivity and community participation, transparency and decision-making in site selection, adequacy of housing and basic infrastructure, CSO preparedness and resource capacity, and collaboration between state and non-state actors. Participants highlighted gaps in consultation with affected communities, inconsistent infrastructure provision, and limited coordination between government and CSOs. Findings suggest that while planned relocation represents a strategic response to climate-induced displacement, its implementation requires enhanced transparency, inclusive planning, and strengthened civil society engagement. The study contributes to understanding the governance of climate-induced migration in Pakistan, providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, humanitarian actors, and civil society to improve the effectiveness, equity, and sustainability of relocation initiatives.