Influence of Urdu Language While Learning English Formulaic Expressions

Abstract

Formulaic expressions play a vital role in enhancing language fluency and communicative competence. These expressions—such as idioms, proverbs, collocations, and phrasal verbs—are often language-specific and culturally embedded, posing challenges for second language (L2) learners. This study investigates the extent to which Urdu, as a first language (L1), influences the acquisition of English formulaic expressions among L2 learners. The research was conducted with a sample of 150 students from selected secondary and higher secondary institutions in Bhimber, Azad Kashmir. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through a categorization framework that included: (1) English-specific idioms and proverbs, (2) conceptually similar English equivalents of Urdu expressions, and (3) word-for-word English translations of Urdu expressions. Findings reveal a significant influence of Urdu on the learning and use of English formulaic expressions. Learners demonstrated varied levels of understanding across the categories, with notable interference from their native language, especially when relying on literal translations. The results suggest that Urdu-speaking L2 learners face substantial challenges in acquiring native-like fluency in English formulaic language. These findings highlight the need for targeted pedagogical strategies that explicitly address formulaic language acquisition in L2 classrooms. Future research should explore instructional approaches to mitigate L1 interference and enhance learners’ exposure to authentic English usage.